02902nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245018700055210006900242260001500311300000900326490000800335520196400343653001402307653001402321653001402335653001402349653001302363653002102376100003502397700002102432700002002453700003202473700002902505700002302534856006702557 2020 eng d a0968-432800aEffects of short- and long-term exposure to cadmium on salivary glands and fat body of soil centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda): Histology and ultrastructure0 aEffects of short and longterm exposure to cadmium on salivary gl c30/06/2020 a1-120 v1373 a

Cadmium (Cd) is the most widely studied heavy metal in terms of food-chain accumulation and contamination because it can strongly affect all environments (e.g., soil, water, air). It can accumulate in different tissues and organs and can affect the organism at different levels of organization: from organs, tissues and cells though cell organelles and structures to activation of mechanisms of survival and cell death. In soil-dwelling organisms heavy metals gather in all tissues with accumulation properties: midgut, salivary glands, fat body. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of cadmium on the soil species Lithobius forficatus, mainly on two organs responsible for gathering different substances, the fat body and salivary glands, at the ultrastructural level. Changes caused by cadmium short- and long-term intoxication, connected with cell death (autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis), and the crosstalk between them, were analyzed. Adult specimens of L. forficatus were collected in a natural environment and divided into three experimental groups: C (the control group), Cd1 (cultured in soil with 80 mg/kg of CdCl2 for 12 days) and Cd2 (cultured in soil with 80 mg/kg of CdCl2 for 45 days). Transmission electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural alterations in both of the organs analyzed (reduction in the amount of reserve material, the appearance of vacuoles, etc.). Qualitative analysis using TUNEL assay revealed distinct crosstalk between autophagy and necrosis in the fat body adipocytes, while crosstalk between autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis in the salivary glands was detected in salivary glands of the centipedes examined here. We conclude that different organs in the body can react differently to the same stressor, as well as to the same concentration and time of exposure. Different mechanisms at the ultrastructural level activate different types of cell death and with different dynamics.

10aApoptosis10aAutophagy10aCentipede10aMyriapoda10aNecrosis10aReserve material1 aRost-Roszkowska, Magdalena, M.1 aPoprawa, Izabela1 aChajec, Łukasz1 aChachulska-Żymełka, Alina1 aLeśniewska, Małgorzata1 aStudent, Sebastian uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096843282030164503109nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245015900055210006900214260001500283300001200298490000700310520206800317653001402385653001202399653002102411653001402432653001902446100003502465700002102500700002002521700003202541700002202573700001902595700002302614700002502637700003302662700002902695856007102724 2020 eng d a2475-026300aInfluence of soil contaminated with cadmium on cell death in the digestive epithelium of soil centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)0 aInfluence of soil contaminated with cadmium on cell death in the c29/05/2020 a242-2620 v873 a

Cadmium is a heavy metal that is treated as an environmental pollutant (air, water, soil). In order to understand the potential effects of cadmium in soil and soil invertebrates, it is important to describe all alterations which appear at different levels in organisms. The main aim of this study was to investigate, analyze and describe the alterations caused by cadmium short- and long-term intoxication at different levels in the organisms: from tissues to cells and organelles. In addition, the activation of cell death mechanisms that take part in homeostasis maintenance according to cadmium has been studied. Therefore, as the species for this project, a terrestrial and well-known widespread European species – the centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha) – was chosen. This omnivorous species lives under upper layers of soil, under stones, litter, rocks, and leaves, and it is also commonly found in human habitats. The animals were divided into three groups: C – the control group, animals cultured in a horticultural soil; Cd1 – animals cultured in a horticultural soil supplemented with 80 mg/kg (dry weight) of CdCl2, 12 days – short-term exposure; Cd2 – animals cultured in a horticultural soil supplemented with 80 mg/kg (dry weight) of CdCl2, 45 days – long-term exposure. The midgut was isolated from each specimen and it was prepared for analysis using some histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Our studies showed that short-term intoxication causes intensification of autophagy and digestion of reserve material, while long-term exposure to this heavy metal causes activation of cell death processes together with inhibition of autophagy connected with the lack of reserve material. Additionally, we can infer that autophagy and cell death are nutrient deprivation-induced processes. Finally, we can conclude that short- and long-term exposure of soil centipede to cadmium affects different mechanisms and processes of cell death.

10aApoptosis10acadmium10aDigestive system10amyriapods10aUltrastructure1 aRost-Roszkowska, Magdalena, M.1 aPoprawa, Izabela1 aChajec, Łukasz1 aChachulska-Żymełka, Alina1 aWilczek, Grażyna1 aWilczek, Piotr1 aStudent, Sebastian1 aSkowronek, Magdalena1 aNadgórska-Socha, Aleksandra1 aLeśniewska, Małgorzata uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24750263.2020.175716802661nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001300041245013500054210006900189260001500258490000800273520183100281653001402112653002202126653002102148653001402169653001402183100002102197700001802218700003502236700002102271700002302292700002502315856006702340 2019 eng d a1096495900aEnzymatic activities in the digestive tract of spirostreptid and spirobolid millipedes (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida and Spirobolida)0 aEnzymatic activities in the digestive tract of spirostreptid and c18/11/20190 v2413 a

Millipedes represent a model for the study of organic matter transformation, animal-microbial interactions, and compartmentalisation of digestion. The activity of saccharidases (amylase, laminarinase, cellulase, xylanase, chitinase, maltase, cellobiase, and trehalase) and protease were measured in the midgut and hindgut contents and walls of the millipedes Archispirostreptus gigas and Epibolus pulchripes. Assays done at pH 4 and 7 confirmed activities of all enzymes except xylanase. Hydrolysing of starch and laminarin prevailed. The hindgut of E. pulchripes was shorter, less differentiated. Micro-apocrine secretion was observed only in the midgut of A. gigas. Merocrine secretion was present in midgut and hindgut of E. pulchripes, and in the pyloric valve and anterior hindgut of A. gigas. Alpha-polysaccharidases were mostly active in the midgut content and walls, with higher activity at pH 4. The low activity of amylase (A. gigas) and laminarinase (E. pulchripes) in midgut tissue may indicate their synthesis in salivary glands. Cellulases were found in midgut. Chitinases, found in midgut content and tissue (E. pulchripes) or concentrated in the midgut wall (A. gigas), were more active at an acidic pH. Polysaccharidases were low in hindguts. Protease shows midgut origin and alkaline activity extending to the hindgut in E. pulchripes, whereas in A. gigas it is of salivary gland origin and acid activity restricted to the midgut. Some disaccharidases, with more alkaline activity, showed less apparent midgut-hindgut differences. It may indicate an axial separating of the primary and secondary digestion along the intestinal pH gradient or the presence of enzymes of hindgut parasites.

10aCellulase10aDigestive enzymes10aGut compartments10aHistology10aMyriapoda1 aŠustr, Vladimir1 aSemanová, S.1 aRost-Roszkowska, Magdalena, M.1 aTajovský, Karel1 aSosinka, Agnieszka1 aFlorentyna, Kaszuba. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1096495919303471