02043nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260001200214300001200226490000700238520152200245100002001767700002001787856007801807 2010 eng d a1096-003100aPhylogeny of the millipede order Spirobolida (Arthropoda: Diplopoda: Helminthomorpha)0 aPhylogeny of the millipede order Spirobolida Arthropoda Diplopod c10/2010 a497-5250 v263 a

This study examines relationships within the millipede order Spirobolida using an exemplar approach, sampling within families to maximize geographical and morphological diversity; due to lack of available material, Allopocockiidae and Hoffmanobolidae were not included in analyses. The focus of this study was to test monophyly of the order, the suborders, and the families of Spirobolida and to propose interfamilial relationships using morphological and molecular data in a total‐evidence approach. Both maximum‐parsimony analyses and Bayesian inference were employed to analyse two datasets consisting of combined morphological and molecular data, one aligned using progressive alignment methods and the second aligned by secondary structure models. Rhinocricidae was recovered sister to all remaining spirobolidan millipedes and is elevated to suborder status as suborder Rhinocricidea. Trigoniulidea was recovered as monophyletic as was Spirobolidea excluding Rhinocricidae; Spirobolidea is redefined to reflect this change. All previously recognized families were recovered, with the exception of Spirobolidae; in all instances, this family was paraphyletic or part of a polytomy that lacked sufficient resolution to assess its monophyly. The results reaffirm much of the existing taxonomic foundation within Spirobolida. This study provides the first phylogenetic test of higher‐level relationships within Spirobolida and will serve as a foundation for future work in this group at finer levels.

1 aPitz, Kevin, M.1 aSierwald, Petra uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00303.x00478nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006700041210006400108300001200172490000700184100002200191700001500213700002000228856009600248 2006 eng d00aDevelopment of a Sampling Protocol for Millipedes (Diplopoda).0 aDevelopment of a Sampling Protocol for Millipedes Diplopoda a277-2880 v101 aSnyder, Bruce, A.1 aDraney, ML1 aSierwald, Petra uhttps://myriatrix.myspecies.info/content/development-sampling-protocol-millipedes-diplopoda04944nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245014100055210006900196260001500265300001200280490000700292520419400299653001704493653001304510653001504523653001504538653002104553653001604574100002004590700002004610700002004630856005204650 2009 eng d a1313-298900aReview of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of 'fire millipedes' (Diplopoda)0 aReview of the Spirobolida on Madagascar with descriptions of twe c04/09/2009 a1 - 1280 v193 a

Twelve new genera and 37 new species of Spirobolida are described: Corallobolus cruentus gen. n., sp. n., Sanguinobolus maculosus gen. n., sp. n., Colossobolus semicyclus gen. n., sp. n., C. oblongopedus sp. n., C. giganteus sp. n., C. minor sp. n., C. litoralis sp. n., C. aculeatus sp. n., C. pseudoaculeatus sp. n., Zehntnerobolus gen. n., Flagellobolus pauliani gen. n., sp. n., Riotintobolus mandenensis gen. n., sp. n., R. minutus sp. n., R. aridus sp. n., R. anomalus sp. n., Pseudocentrobolus aureus gen. n., sp. n., P. vohibasiensis sp. n., Granitobolus endemicus gen. n., sp. n., G. andohahelensis sp. n., Caprobolus andringitra gen. n., sp. n., Alluviobolus laticlavius gen. n., sp. n., A. tsimelahy sp. n., A. antanosy sp. n., Ostinobolus rufus gen. n., sp. n., O. stellaris sp. n., O. montanus sp. n., O. subterraneus sp. n., and Hylekobolus brachiosauroides gen. n., sp. n., H. rufus sp. n., H. griseus sp. n., H. albicollaris sp. n., H. goodmani sp. n., H. montanus sp. n., H. analavelona sp. n., H. latifrons sp. n., H. andasibensis sp. n., H. marojejy sp. n., H. anjanaharibe sp. n. All genera and species are endemic to Madagascar. Hylekobolus belongs to the family Spirobolellidae, while all other Malagasy genera of Spirobolida belong to the Pachybolidae. Among them, only Zehntnerobolus gen. n. is based on a previously described species: Spirobolus rubripes de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897, whereas the remaining 11 new genera altogether contain (a total of) 37 new species. Three of the new genera are large-bodied “fire millipedes” (>100 mm long) with striking red/black colour patterns. The new discoveries increase the number of endemic Malagasy genera of Spirobolida more than fivefold (from 3 to 15). The number of endemic species recorded from Madagascar has more than doubled (to 61). Body length of the new species varies greatly (between 23 and 170 mm). Keys to all Malagasy Spirobolida families, genera, as well as the newly described species, are provided. Four species, Rhinocricus collaris de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897, Spirobolus grandidieri de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897, Spirobolus olympiaceus Karsch, 1881, and Spirobolus sikorae de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897 are only known from females and are listed as nomina dubia. Some genera occur in the dry or spiny forest as well as in the rainforest ecosystem; species, however, are restricted to a single habitat type. In the rainforest, up to six different genera were collected in the same individual forest. Numerous genera are adapted to a special ecological niche. A high proportion of species are microendemic, often to some tiny, highly endangered forests. Of special conservation concern are the species which occur only in Analavelona, Ambatotsirongorongo, the subhumid, globally unique littoral forest of Petriky and the littoral rainforests of Mandena and Sainte Luce.

10abiogeography10aendemism10aMadagascar10amillipedes10aniche separation10aSpirobolida1 aWesener, Thomas1 aEnghoff, Henrik1 aSierwald, Petra uhttp://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=2037