07787nas a2200193 4500008004100000245004200041210004000083260005000123300000800173490002800181520722800209653001407437653001407451653001407465653001307479653001607492100003207508856005307540 2010 eng d00aPhylogeny of the Symphyla (Myriapoda)0 aPhylogeny of the Symphyla Myriapoda aBerlinbFreie Universität Berlinc12/02/2010 a1470 vDoctor rerum naturalium3 a

Summary: The Symphyla are the smallest subgroup of the myriapods, with about 200 species which are representatives of the soil fauna. Some of their features and their cosmopolitan distribution corroborate the view that they are geologically old. However, their phylogenetical relationships to other arthropods are still unclear, and the main reason is the lack of understanding of their phylogeny.
In this study, the external morphology of 15 species representing the seven European genera has been studied in detail by scanning electron microscopy. New data on distribution and taxonomy, including new diagnostic characters, are especially provided for the subgroup Scolopendrellidae. Variation in some morphological features of the head, first segments, sense calicles and cerci has led to the development of a new key to the European genera, which facilitates determinations of this taxonomically difficult group.
The internal anatomy of the head has been investigated in representatives of five genera and the skeletomuscular anatomy of three scolopendrellids is described for the first time. Detailed data on the tentorial complex confirms of the presence of “fultural sclerites” in Symphyla, which supports the monophyly of Myriapoda. The tentorial complex and musculature of the scolopendrellid Scolopendrella presents more similarities to the Scutigerellidae than to Symphylella and Scolopendrellopsis (the other two studied Scolopendrellidae). These latter two genera show features that – compared to the state in other myriapod subgroups – seem to be plesiomorphic, such as the presence of a laminar tentorium with only one bridge, the absence of tracheae in the head, as well as the presence of large dorsal muscles of the mandibular base. These characters are shared with other myriapod subgroups and show that the musculature of mouthparts in Symphyla is not as specialized as has been previously assumed to date.
Data on the external morphology and internal anatomy was compiled in a character matrix –completed from the literature for the remaining genera. After cladistic analysis, the shortest cladograms are incongruent with the traditional classification of the two families. The family Scutigerellidae is retrieved as a monophylum while Scolopendrellidae is resolved as a paraphyletic group with respect to the Scutigerellidae. The scolopendrellids Scolopendrella, Geophilella and Parviapiciella form a monophyletic group with the Scutigerellidae characterised by the presence of tracheae in the head and two tentorial bridges, among other synapomorphies. The remaining Scolopendrellidae form a monophyletic group without significant support, the resolution of which varies under different character weightings. Among other considerations, the proposed phylogenetic hypothesis supports the view that increase and reductions of the number of trunk scuta happened several times in the evolution of the Symphyla, possibly as adaptations to different subterranean life habits. To unravel the phylogenetic position of the Symphyla among Arthropoda, the genera Scolopendrella, Scolopendrellopsis and Symphylellina are revealed as the most accurate taxon sampling for this group as they seem to maintain most of the ancestral states of the Symphyla according to the shortest trees revealed in this study.

Zusammenfassung: Die Symphyla, die Vertreter der Bodenfauna sind, bilden mit etwa 200 Arten die artenärmste Teilgruppe der Myriapoda. Einige ihrer Merkmale und ihre kosmopolitische Verbreitung lassen auf ein hohes geologisches Alter schließen. Ihre Stellung im System der Arthropoda ist jedoch unklar. Der wichtigste Grund dafür ist, dass bis heute kein phylogenetisches System für die Symphyla vorliegt.
In dieser Arbeit wurde die äußere Morphologie von 15 Arten, die alle sieben bekannten europäischen Gattungen repräsentieren, mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie studiert. Insbesondere für die Teilgruppe Scolopendrellidae werden neue diagnostische Merkmale sowie neue Verbreitungsdaten mit Bemerkungen über ihre Taxonomie vorgestellt. Neu entdeckte Merkmale der Morphologie des Kopfes, der ersten Segmente, Trichobothrien und Cerci führen zu einem neuen Bestimmungsschlüssel, der die Bestimmung dieser taxonomisch schwierigen Gruppe erleichtert.
Für fünf Genera wird exemplarisch die innere Kopfanatomie dargestellt. Zum ersten Mal werden die Muskulatur und das Kopfinnenskelett (Tentorium) bei den Scolopendrellidae anhand von 3 Arten beschrieben. Detaillierte Daten über den tentorialen Komplex bestätigen die Existenz von „fultural sclerites“ und dieses wiederum unterstützt die Monophylie der Myriapoda. Die Scolopendrellide Scolopendrella zeigt mehr Ähnlichkeiten mit den Scutigerellidae als mit Symphylella und Scolopendrellopsis (die beiden anderen hier untersuchten Scolopendrelliden). Letztere zeigen Merkmale, die als Plesiomorphien interpretiert werden, insbesondere die Ausbildung eines laminaren Tentoriums mit nur einer einzigen Tentorialbrücke, das Fehlen von Tracheen im Kopf und Vorhandensein von großen dorsalen Muskeln am proximalen Mandibelgrundglied. Diese Merkmale werden mit anderen Teilgruppen der Myriapoda geteilt und zeigen, dass die Muskulatur der Mundwerkzeuge bei den Symphyla nicht so spezialisiert ist, wie bislang angenommen wurde.
Mit den neuen Daten zur äußeren Morphologie und inneren Kopfanatomie wurde eine Merkmalsmatrix zusammengestellt und mit Literaturdaten für die restlichen Gattungen ergänzt. Mittels kladistischer Analyse werden Kladogramme generiert, die inkongruent mit der traditionellen Klassifikation der zwei Familien sind. Die Scutigerellidae erweisen sich als monophyletische Gruppe, während sich die Scolopendrellidae als paraphyletisch herausstellen. Die Scolopendrelliden-Gattungen Scolopendrella, Geophilella und Parviapiciella sind näher mit den Scutigerellidae verwandt als mit den restlichen Teilgruppen der Scolopendrellidae. Diese Hypothese wird vor allem durch zwei apomorphe Merkmale gestützt: die Bildung von Tracheen im Kopf, sowie die Existenz von zwei ligamentösen Brücken im Tentorium. Im Gegensatz dazu bilden die restlichen Scolopendrellidae eine monophyletische Gruppe ohne nennenswerte Unterstützung, deren Topologie in Abhängigkeit von der Merkmalsgewichtung variiert. Neben anderen Schlussfolgerungen unterstützt die neue phylogenetische Hypothese die Annahme, dass Veränderungen in der Anzahl der Rückenplatten mehrfach unabhängig in der Evolution der Symphyla erfolgt sind, wahrscheinlich als Ausdruck der Anpassung an verschiedene unterirdische Lebensweisen. Nach der vorliegenden Untersuchung sind Vertreter der Gattungen Scolopendrella, Scolopendrellopsis und Symphylellina besonders geeignet, um die Stellung der Symphyla innerhalb der Arthropoda zu untersuchen, da sie viele ursprüngliche Merkmale bewahrt haben.

10aEvolution10aMyriapoda10aphylogeny10aSymphyla10asystematics1 aCamacho, Miguel, Domínguez uhttps://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/395901175nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260001200223300001200235490000800247520049100255653001700746653001500763653001400778653001400792653001300806100001800819700003100837700002600868856005100894 1997 eng d a0035-418X00aPauropus furcifer Silvestri (Pauropodidae, Pauropoda): towards an adaptation for life in caves0 aPauropus furcifer Silvestri Pauropodidae Pauropoda towards an ad c09/1997 a517-5220 v1043 a

A cave-dwelling population of Pauropus furcifer Silvestri (Pauropodidae, Pauropoda) has been found in the Zlotska Pecina Cave, near Bor, East Serbia, Yugoslavia. Some morphological traits of the specimens studied may demonstrate adaptations of this population for life underground. Additionally, some taxonomical and biogeographical features of this pauropod species have been discussed in view of the evolution of the underground karst relief in the Balkan Peninsula.

10abiogeography10aCave fauna10aEvolution10aPauropoda10aTaxonomy1 aScheller, Ulf1 aĆurčić, Božidar, P. M.1 aMakarov, Slobodan, E. uhttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/8000901949nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245011900055210006900174260001500243300001000258490000800268520128200276653001401558653001101572653001301583653001301596653001201609100001701621700002001638856007301658 2021 eng d a2118-977300aElectrocambalidae fam. nov., a new family of Cambalidea from Cretaceous Burmese amber (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)0 aElectrocambalidae fam nov a new family of Cambalidea from Cretac c17/06/2021 a22-460 v7553 a

A new family, Electrocambalidae fam. nov. of the suborder Cambalidea is described from Cretaceous Burmese amber based on two new genera, Electrocambala gen. nov. and Kachincambala gen. nov. with four new species, Electrocambala ornata gen. et sp. nov., E. cretacea gen. et sp. nov., Kachincambala muelleri gen. et sp. nov. and K. distorta gen. et sp. nov. The specimens are described combining classical light microscopy with drawings and photography, and modern micro-computed tomography (μCT). Morphological characters otherwise obscured are examined and visualized by creating volume renderings and 3D-segmentations from μCT data. Electrocambalidae fam. nov. is characterized by the following character combination: (1) a forward shift of leg pair 3, resulting in an apparently legless 3rd body ring, (2) presence of metazonital setae, and (3) extensive pilosity on the head. Although some of these characters are shared with other Juliformia they are unique in this combination. The described fossils are the oldest and first Mesozoic Spirostreptida and Cambalidea known and ca 70 million years older than previous records of the group.

10aEvolution10afossil10agonopods10amicro-CT10aMyanmar1 aMoritz, Leif1 aWesener, Thomas uhttps://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/139700880nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245015400055210006900209260001500278300000900293490000700302653001200309653003400321653002400355653001400379653001600393653003300409653001600442100001700458700002100475700001700496700002800513856008500541 2021 eng d a1742-999400aThe antennal scape organ of Scutigera coleoptrata (Myriapoda) and a new type of arthropod tip-pore sensilla integrating scolopidial components0 aantennal scape organ of iScutigera coleoptratai Myriapoda and a  c04/11/2021 a1-230 v1810aAntenna10aCone- and peg-shaped sensilla10aElectron microscopy10aEvolution10aMandibulata10aRecto-canal epidermal glands10aScolopidium1 aSombke, Andy1 aRosenberg, Jörg1 aHilken, Gero1 aMüller, Carsten, H. G. uhttps://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12983-021-00442-903253nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245016400055210006900219260001500288300000900303490000700312520249800319653001502817653001402832653002602846653001402872653001902886100001702905700002802922856008502950 2021 eng d a1742-999400aWhen SEM becomes a deceptive tool of analysis: the unexpected discovery of epidermal glands with stalked ducts on the ultimate legs of geophilomorph centipedes0 aWhen SEM becomes a deceptive tool of analysis the unexpected dis c20/04/2021 a1-190 v183 a

Background: The jointed appendage is a key novelty in arthropod evolution and arthropod legs are known to vary enormously in relation to function. Among centipedes, the ultimate legs always are distinctly different from locomotory legs, and different centipede taxa evolved different structural and functional modifications. In Geophilomorpha (soil centipedes), ultimate legs do not participate in locomotion and were interpret to serve a sensory function. They can be sexually dimorphic and in some species, male ultimate legs notably appear “hairy”. It can be assumed that the high abundance of sensilla indicates a pronounced sensory function. This study seeks for assessing the sensory diversity, however, documents the surprising and unique case of an extensive glandular epithelium in the ultimate legs of three phylogenetically distant species.
Results: The tightly aggregated epidermal glands with stalked ducts – mistakenly thought to be sensilla – were scrutinized using a multimodal microscopic approach comprising histology as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy in Haplophilus subterraneus. Hence, this is the first detailed account on centipede ultimate legs demonstrating an evolutionary transformation into a “secretory leg”. Additionally, we investigated sensory structures as well as anatomical features using microCT analysis. Contrary to its nomination as a tarsus, tarsus 1 possesses intrinsic musculature, which is an indication that this podomere might be a derivate of the tibia.
Discussion: The presence and identity of ultimate leg associated epidermal glands with stalked ducts is a new discovery for myriapods. A pronounced secretory as well as moderate sensory function in Haplophilus subterraneus can be concluded. The set of characters will improve future taxonomic studies, to test the hypotheses whether the presence of these specialized glands is a common feature in Geophilomorpha, and that tarsus 1 may be a derivate of the tibia. As the number of epidermal glands with stalked ducts is sexually dimorphic, their function might be connected to reproduction or a sex-specific defensive role. Our results, in particular the unexpected discovery of ‘glandular hairs’, may account for a striking example for how deceptive morphological descriptions of epidermal organs may be, if based on non-invasive techniques alone.

10acentipedes10aEvolution10aFunctional morphology10aHistology10aUltrastructure1 aSombke, Andy1 aMüller, Carsten, H. G. uhttps://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12983-021-00402-303178nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260001500226300000900241490000600250520249100256653001402747653001402761653001202775653001402787653001402801653002402815653001802839100002302857700002002880856003602900 2017 eng d a2167-835900aIs geography an accurate predictor of evolutionary history in the millipede family Xystodesmidae?0 ageography an accurate predictor of evolutionary history in the m c12/10/2017 a1-310 v53 a

For the past several centuries, millipede taxonomists have used the morphology of male copulatory structures (modified legs called gonopods), which are strongly variable and suggestive of species-level differences, as a source to understand taxon relationships. Millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae are blind, dispersal-limited and have narrow habitat requirements. Therefore, geographical proximity may instead be a better predictor of evolutionary relationship than morphology, especially since gonopodal anatomy is extremely divergent and similarities may be masked by evolutionary convergence. Here we provide a phylogenetics-based test of the power of morphological versus geographical character sets for resolving phylogenetic relationships in xystodesmid millipedes. Molecular data from 90 species-group taxa in the family were included in a six-gene phylogenetic analysis to provide the basis for comparing trees generated from these alternative character sets. The molecular phylogeny was compared to topologies representing three hypotheses: (1) a prior classification formulated using morphological and geographical data, (2) hierarchical groupings derived from Euclidean geographical distance, and (3) one based solely on morphological data. Euclidean geographical distance was not found to be a better predictor of evolutionary relationship than the prior classification, the latter of which was the most similar to the molecular topology. However, all three of the alternative topologies were highly divergent (Bayes factor >10) from the molecular topology, with the tree inferred exclusively from morphology being the most divergent. The results of this analysis show that a high degree of morphological convergence from substantial gonopod shape divergence generated spurious phylogenetic relationships. These results indicate the impact that a high degree of morphological homoplasy may have had on prior treatments of the family. Using the results of our phylogenetic analysis, we make several changes to the classification of the family, including transferring the rare state-threatened species Sigmoria whiteheadi Shelley, 1986 to the genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921—a relationship not readily apparent based on morphology alone. We show that while gonopod differences are a premier source of taxonomic characters to diagnose species pairwise, the traits should be viewed critically as taxonomic features uniting higher levels.

10aDiplopoda10aEvolution10aGonopod10aHomoplasy10aphylogeny10aSigmoria whiteheadi10aXystodesmidae1 aMeans, Jackson, C.1 aMarek, Paul, E. uhttps://peerj.com/articles/385404707nas a2201165 4500008004100000022001400041245004500055210004500100260001500145300000900160490000700169520141900176653001501595653002001610653001401630653001701644653002001661653001301681653002001694100002501714700001801739700002601757700002401783700002101807700001801828700002301846700002101869700002301890700002201913700002301935700001401958700002201972700002601994700001602020700002702036700001902063700001902082700002502101700002202126700001802148700002202166700003002188700003102218700001202249700002402261700002602285700001702311700002202328700002602350700002402376700001702400700002302417700002302440700001802463700002002481700001502501700002702516700001702543700002702560700002302587700002002610700001902630700002502649700002102674700002002695700002802715700002102743700002602764700002302790700001702813700002202830700002302852700002602875700001502901700002202916700001602938700002402954700002102978700002002999700002203019700002403041700002403065700002703089700002103116700002003137700002503157700002303182700002403205700002603229700002303255700002103278700002003299700002303319700002303342700002703365700002603392700002203418700002203440856007903462 2020 eng d a1474-760X00aGene content evolution in the arthropods0 aGene content evolution in the arthropods c23/01/2020 a1-140 v213 a

Background: Arthropods comprise the largest and most diverse phylum on Earth and play vital roles in nearly every ecosystem. Their diversity stems in part from variations on a conserved body plan, resulting from and recorded in adaptive changes in the genome. Dissection of the genomic record of sequence change enables broad questions regarding genome evolution to be addressed, even across hyper-diverse taxa within arthropods.
Results: Using 76 whole genome sequences representing 21 orders spanning more than 500 million years of arthropod evolution, we document changes in gene and protein domain content and provide temporal and phylogenetic context for interpreting these innovations. We identify many novel gene families that arose early in the evolution of arthropods and during the diversification of insects into modern orders. We reveal unexpected variation in patterns of DNA methylation across arthropods and examples of gene family and protein domain evolution coincident with the appearance of notable phenotypic and physiological adaptations such as flight, metamorphosis, sociality, and chemoperception.
Conclusions: These analyses demonstrate how large-scale comparative genomics can provide broad new insights into the genotype to phenotype map and generate testable hypotheses about the evolution of animal diversity.

10aArthropods10aDNA methylation10aEvolution10aGene content10aGenome assembly10aGenomics10aProtein domains1 aThomas, Gregg, W. C.1 aDohmen, Elias1 aHughes, Daniel, S. T.1 aMurali, Shwetha, C.1 aPoelchau, Monica1 aGlastad, Karl1 aAnstead, Clare, A.1 aAyoub, Nadia, A.1 aBatterham, Phillip1 aBellair, Michelle1 aBinford, Greta, J.1 aChao, Hsu1 aChen, Yolanda, H.1 aChilders, Christopher1 aDinh, Huyen1 aDoddapaneni, Harsha, V1 aDuan, Jian, J.1 aDugan, Shannon1 aEsposito, Lauren, A.1 aFriedrich, Markus1 aGarb, Jessica1 aGasser, Robin, B.1 aGoodisman, Michael, A. D.1 aGundersen-Rindal, Dawn, E.1 aHan, Yi1 aHandler, Alfred, M.1 aHatakeyama, Masatsugu1 aHering, Lars1 aHunter, Wayne, B.1 aIoannidis, Panagiotis1 aJayaseelan, Joy, C.1 aKalra, Divya1 aKhila, Abderrahman1 aKorhonen, Pasi, K.1 aLee, Carol, E1 aLee, Sandra, L.1 aLi, Yiyuan1 aLindsey, Amelia, R. I.1 aMayer, Georg1 aMcGregor, Alistair, P.1 aMcKenna, Duane, D.1 aMisof, Bernhard1 aMunidasa, Mala1 aMunoz-Torres, Monica1 aMuzny, Donna, M.1 aNiehuis, Oliver1 aOsuji-Lacy, Nkechinyere1 aPalli, Subba, R.1 aPanfilio, Kristen, A.1 aPechmann, Matthias1 aPerry, Trent1 aPeters, Ralph, S.1 aPoynton, Helen, C.1 aPrpic, Nikola-Michael1 aQu, Jiaxin1 aRotenberg, Dorith1 aSchal, Coby1 aSchoville, Sean, D.1 aScully, Erin, D.1 aSkinner, Evette1 aSloan, Daniel, B.1 aStouthamer, Richard1 aStrand, Michael, R.1 aSzucsich, Nikolaus, U.1 aWijeratne, Asela1 aYoung, Neil, D.1 aZattara, Eduardo, E.1 aBenoit, Joshua, B.1 aZdobnov, Evgeny, M.1 aPfrender, Michael, E.1 aHackett, Kevin, J.1 aWerren, John, H.1 aWorley, Kim, C.1 aGibbs, Richard, A.1 aChipman, Ariel, D.1 aWaterhouse, Robert, M.1 aBornberg-Bauer, Erich1 aHahn, Matthew, W.1 aRichards, Stephen uhttps://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-019-1925-704309nas a2200325 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001500230300001200245490000700257520339300264653001403657653001303671653001703684653001303701653001403714653001403728653001203742653001303754653001603767653001603783100002103799700002603820700002003846700002103866700001603887700001803903856006203921 2015 eng d a1469-185X00aBiogeography and speciation of terrestrial fauna in the south-western Australian biodiversity hotspot0 aBiogeography and speciation of terrestrial fauna in the southwes c15/08/2014 a762-7930 v903 a

The south‐western land division of Western Australia (SWWA), bordering the temperate Southern and Indian Oceans, is the only global biodiversity hotspot recognised in Australia. Renowned for its extraordinary diversity of endemic plants, and for some of the largest and most botanically significant temperate heathlands and woodlands on Earth, SWWA has long fascinated biogeographers. Its flat, highly weathered topography and the apparent absence of major geographic factors usually implicated in biotic diversification have challenged attempts to explain patterns of biogeography and mechanisms of speciation in the region. Botanical studies have always been central to understanding the biodiversity values of SWWA, although surprisingly few quantitative botanical analyses have allowed for an understanding of historical biogeographic processes in both space and time. Faunistic studies, by contrast, have played little or no role in defining hotspot concepts, despite several decades of accumulating quantitative research on the phylogeny and phylogeography of multiple lineages. In this review we critically analyse datasets with explicit supporting phylogenetic data and estimates of the time since divergence for all available elements of the terrestrial fauna, and compare these datasets to those available for plants. In situ speciation has played more of a role in shaping the south‐western Australian fauna than has long been supposed, and has occurred in numerous endemic lineages of freshwater fish, frogs, reptiles, snails and less‐vagile arthropods. By contrast, relatively low levels of endemism are found in birds, mammals and highly dispersive insects, and in situ speciation has played a negligible role in generating local endemism in birds and mammals. Quantitative studies provide evidence for at least four mechanisms driving patterns of endemism in south‐western Australian animals, including: (i) relictualism of ancient Gondwanan or Pangaean taxa in the High Rainfall Province; (ii) vicariant isolation of lineages west of the Nullarbor divide; (iii) in situ speciation; and (iv) recent population subdivision. From dated quantitative studies we derive four testable models of historical biogeography for animal taxa in SWWA, each explicit in providing a spatial, temporal and topological perspective on patterns of speciation or divergence. For each model we also propose candidate lineages that may be worthy of further study, given what we know of their taxonomy, distributions or relationships. These models formalise four of the strongest patterns seen in many animal taxa from SWWA, although other models are clearly required to explain particular, idiosyncratic patterns. Generating numerous new datasets for suites of co‐occurring lineages in SWWA will help refine our understanding of the historical biogeography of the region, highlight gaps in our knowledge, and allow us to derive general postulates from quantitative (rather than qualitative) results. For animals, this process has now begun in earnest, as has the process of taxonomically documenting many of the more diverse invertebrate lineages. The latter remains central to any attempt to appreciate holistically biogeographic patterns and processes in SWWA, and molecular phylogenetic studies should – where possible – also lead to tangible taxonomic outcomes.

10aArachnida10aChordata10aconservation10aDecapoda10aDiplopoda10aEvolution10aInsecta10aMollusca10aOnychophora10asystematics1 aRix, Michael, G.1 aEdwards, Danielle, L.1 aByrne, Margaret1 aHarvey, Mark, S.1 aJoseph, Leo1 aRoberts, Dale uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.1213202282nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245010700055210006900162260001500231300000900246490000700255520143900262653001401701653001401715653002001729653002301749653002001772100001701792700002101809700002701830700002101857700002201878700002001900700001701920856006701937 2020 eng d a1467-803900aThe tracheal system of scutigeromorph centipedes and the evolution of respiratory systems of myriapods0 atracheal system of scutigeromorph centipedes and the evolution o c26/11/2020 a1-140 v603 a

The tracheal system of scutigeromorph centipedes (Chilopoda) is special, as it consists of dorsally arranged unpaired spiracles. In this study, we investigate the tracheal systems of five different scutigeromorph species. They are strikingly similar to each other but depict unique characters compared to the tracheal systems of pleurostigmophoran centipedes, which has engendered an ongoing debate over a single versus independent origin of tracheal systems in Chilopoda. Up to now, only the respiratory system of Scutigera coleoptrata was investigated intensively using LM-, TEM-, and SEM-techniques. We supplement this with data for species from all three families of Scutigeromorpha. These reveal interspecific differences in atrial width and the shape and branching pattern of the tracheal tubules. Further, we investigated the tracheal system of Scutigera coleoptrata with three additional techniques: light sheet microscopy, microCT and synchrotron radiation based microCT analysis. This set of techniques allows a comparison between fresh versus fixed and dried material. The question of a unique vs. multiple origin of tracheal systems in centipedes and in Myriapoda as a whole is discussed with regard to their structural similarities and differences and the presence of hemocyanin as an oxygen carrier. We used morphological and molecular data and the fossil record to evaluate the alternative hypotheses.

10aChilopoda10aEvolution10aNotostigmophora10aTerrestrialization10atracheal system1 aHilken, Gero1 aRosenberg, Jörg1 aEdgecombe, Gregory, D.1 aBlüml, Valentin1 aHammel, Jörg, U.1 aHasenberg, Anja1 aSombke, Andy uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S146780392030129801039nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245012100055210006900176260001500245300000900260490000600269520023500275653001500510653001300525653000800538653001400546653001400560653001200574653000800586653001300594653001600607100002300623700002300646700001600669700001600685856004800701 2015 eng d a1314-283600aA general methodology for collecting and preserving xystodesmid and other large millipedes for biodiversity research0 ageneral methodology for collecting and preserving xystodesmid an c17/08/2015 a1-170 v33 a

Here we summarize a methodology for large-bodied millipede collection, curation, and preservation for genetic analyses with the hope that sharing these techniques will stimulate interest in these charismatic detritivores.

10acollection10adetritus10aDNA10aEvolution10amillipede10amimicry10aRNA10aspecimen10aα-taxonomy1 aMeans, Jackson, C.1 aFrancis, Elizabeth1 aLane, Avery1 aMarek, Paul uhttp://bdj.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=566503234nas a2200301 4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260001500251300000900266490000800275520236100283653001602644653001402660653001702674653000802691653002402699653001802723653001602741653001702757653001702774653001902791653001202810653001702822100001602839700003002855856004702885 2020 eng d a1313-298900aThe first representatives of the millipede family Glomeridellidae (Diplopoda, Glomerida) recorded from China and Indochina0 afirst representatives of the millipede family Glomeridellidae Di c29/07/2020 a1-150 v9543 a

A new species of glomeridellid millipede is described from Guizhou Province, southern China: Tonkinomeris huzhengkuni sp. nov. This new epigean species differs very clearly in many structural details, being sufficiently distinct morphologically and disjunct geographically from T. napoensis Nguyen, Sierwald & Marek, 2019, the type and sole species of Tonkinomeris Nguyen, Sierwald & Marek, 2019, which was described recently from northern Vietnam. The genus Tonkinomeris is formally relegated from Glomeridae and assigned to the family Glomeridellidae, which has hitherto been considered strictly Euro-Mediterranean in distribution and is thus new to the diplopod faunas of China and Indochina. Tonkinomeris is re-diagnosed and shown to have perhaps the basalmost position in the family Glomeridellidae. Its relationships are discussed, both morphological and zoogeographical, within and outside the Glomeridellidae, which can now be considered as relict and basically Oriental in origin. Because of the still highly limited array of DNA-barcoding sequences of the COI mitochondrial gene available in the GenBank, the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of Glomerida attempted here shows our phylogram to be too deficient to consider meaningful.

 

10aDNA barcode10aEvolution10aGlomeridella10akey10amolecular phylogram10anew diagnosis10anew species10anew transfer10aTonkinomeris10aTyphloglomeris10aVietnam10azoogeography1 aLiu, Weixin1 aGolovatch, Sergei, Ilyich uhttps://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/54694/01664nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180300000600249490000600255520092900261653000801190653001501198653001401213653001601227653001801243653001901261653001601280653000801296100001701304700001901321856008201340 2017 eng d a2056-306X00aSerotonergic neurons in the ventral nerve cord of Chilopoda - a mandibulate pattern of individually identifiable neurons0 aSerotonergic neurons in the ventral nerve cord of Chilopoda a ma a90 v33 a

Given the numerous hypotheses concerning arthropod phylogeny, independent data are needed to supplement knowledge based on traditional external morphology and modern molecular sequence information. One promising approach involves comparisons of the structure and development of the nervous system. Along these lines, the morphology of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the ventral nerve cord has been investigated in numerous tetraconate taxa (Crustacea and Hexapoda). It has been shown that these neurons can be identified individually due to their comparably low number, characteristic soma position, and neurite morphology, thus making it possible to establish homologies at the single cell level. Within Chilopoda (centipedes), detailed analyses of major branching patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons are missing, but are crucial for developing meaningful conclusions on the homology of single cells.

10a5HT10aArthropoda10aEvolution10aMandibulata10aMiracrustacea10aNeurophylogeny10aTetraconata10aVNC1 aSombke, Andy1 aStemme, Torben uhttp://zoologicalletters.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40851-017-0070-y