00504nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172300001000241490000600251100002100257700002700278700001700305856003600322 2017 eng d a2167-835900aThe ultimate legs of Chilopoda (Myriapoda): a review on their morphological disparity and functional variability0 aultimate legs of Chilopoda Myriapoda a review on their morpholog ae40230 v51 aKenning, Matthes1 aMüller, Carsten, H.G.1 aSombke, Andy uhttps://peerj.com/articles/402300735nas a2200169 4500008004100000245018300041210006900224300000600293490000700299100001700306700002100323700002100344700002400365700002200389700002100411856013300432 2012 eng d00aComparative analysis of deutocerebral neuropils in Chilopoda (Myriapoda): implications for the evolution of the arthropod olfactory system and support for the Mandibulata concept0 aComparative analysis of deutocerebral neuropils in Chilopoda Myr a10 v131 aSombke, Andy1 aLipke, Elisabeth1 aKenning, Matthes1 aMüller, Carsten, H1 aHansson, Bill, S.1 aHarzsch, Steffen uhttps://myriatrix.myspecies.info/content/comparative-analysis-deutocerebral-neuropils-chilopoda-myriapoda-implications-evolution00724nas a2200205 4500008004100000020004000041245008300081210006900164260005100233300001400284100001900298700001700317700002100334700002100355700001700376700002400393700002300417700002000440856005800460 2013 eng d a978-3-642-36159-3 978-3-642-36160-900aArchitectural Principles and Evolution of the Arthropod Central Nervous System0 aArchitectural Principles and Evolution of the Arthropod Central  aBerlin, HeidelbergbSpringer Berlin Heidelberg a299–3421 aLoesel, Rudolf1 aWolf, Harald1 aKenning, Matthes1 aHarzsch, Steffen1 aSombke, Andy1 aMinelli, Alessandro1 aBoxshall, Geoffrey1 aFusco, Giuseppe uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-36160-9_1302263nas a2200145 4500008004100000245016600041210006900207300001400276490000700290520162800297100002201925700002101947700001701968856013201985 2018 eng d00aA comparative analysis of the ventral nerve cord of Lithobius forficatus (Lithobiomorpha): morphology, neuroanatomy, and individually identifiable neurons0 acomparative analysis of the ventral nerve cord of iLithobius for a377–3940 v763 a

In light of competing hypotheses on arthropod phylogeny, additional independent data are needed in addition to traditional morphology and modern molecular approaches. One promising approach involves comparisons of structure and development of the nervous system. In addition to arthropod brain and ventral nerve cord morphology and anatomy, individually identifiable neurons (IINs) provide new character sets for comparative neurophylogenetic analyses. However, very few species and transmitter systems have been investigated, and still fewer species of centipedes have been included in such analyses. In a multi-methodological approach, we analyze the ventral nerve cord of the centipede Lithobius forficatus using classical histology, X-ray micro-computed tomography and immunohistochemical experiments, combined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy to characterize walking leg ganglia and identify IINs using various neurotransmitters. In addition to the subesophageal ganglion, the ventral nerve cord of L. forficatus is composed of the forcipular ganglion, 15 well-separated walking leg ganglia, each associated with eight pairs of nerves, and the fused terminal ganglion. Within the medially fused hemiganglia, distinct neuropilar condensations are located in the ventral-most domain. Immunoreactive neurons of different transmitter systems (allatostatin, histamine, and FMRF-amide) display serially homologous patterns that may lay the foundation for comparison with other arthropod taxa. Moreover, a pair of histaminergic neurons may constitute a promising intra- as well as interspecific IIN candidate.

1 aSchendel, Vanessa1 aKenning, Matthes1 aSombke, Andy uhttps://myriatrix.myspecies.info/content/comparative-analysis-ventral-nerve-cord-lithobius-forficatus-lithobiomorpha-morphology02162nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245014200055210006900197260000800266490000600274520154100280100002101821700002201842700002801864700001701892856008301909 2019 eng d a2056-306X00aComparative morphology of ultimate and walking legs in the centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda) with functional implications0 aComparative morphology of ultimate and walking legs in the centi cdec0 v53 a

Background: In the context of evolutionary arthopodial transformations, centipede ultimate legs exhibit a plethora of morphological modifications and behavioral adaptations. Many species possess significantly elongated, thickened, or pincer-like ultimate legs. They are frequently sexually dimorphic, indicating a role in courtship and mating. In addition, glandular pores occur more commonly on ultimate legs than on walking legs, indicating a role in secretion, chemical communication, or predator avoidance. In this framework, this study characterizes the evolutionarily transformed ultimate legs in Lithobius forficatus in comparison with regular walking legs. Results: A comparative analysis using macro-photography, SEM, μCT, autofluorescence, backfilling, and 3Dreconstruction illustrates that ultimate legs largely resemble walking legs, but also feature a series of distinctions. Substantial differences are found with regard to aspects of the configuration of specific podomeres, musculature, abundance of epidermal glands, typology and distribution of epidermal sensilla, and architecture of associated nervous system structures. Conclusion: In consideration of morphological and behavioral characteristics, ultimate legs in L. forficatus primarily serve a defensive, but also a sensory function. Moreover, morphologically coherent characteristics in the organization of the ultimate leg versus the antenna-associated neuromere point to constructional constraints in the evolution of primary processing neuropils.

1 aKenning, Matthes1 aSchendel, Vanessa1 aMüller, Carsten, H. G.1 aSombke, Andy uhttps://zoologicalletters.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40851-018-0115-x