@article {1928, title = {Mitochondrial activity disruption and local muscle damage induced in mice by Scolopendra polymorpha venom}, journal = {Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases}, volume = {26}, year = {2020}, month = {29/05/2020}, abstract = {

Background: Scolopendra polymorpha (S. polymorpha) is a predatory centipede whose venom contains a multiplicity of biochemical effectors that can cause muscle damage and cumulative cell destruction in its prey. Despite previous investigations of S. polymorpha and other centipede venoms, there is a lack of information on the morphological and biochemical patterns elicited by their myotoxic effects. To elucidate these processes, this paper presents evidence of skeletal muscle damage, and alterations in key biochemical mediators that appear only after exposure to centipede venom.
Methods: Venom was collected and fractionated using RP-HPLC; mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was exposed to whole venom and venom fractions to evaluate myotoxicity by means of creatine kinase (CK) \– a muscle damage marker \– activity measurements and histochemical analysis.
Results: CK activity was higher in EDL muscle exposed to venom than in unexposed muscle. This increase was observed after 15 min of venom incubation, and remained stable up to 45 min. Venom-exposed EDL muscle showed signs of muscle damage including necrosis, loss of fascicular structure as well as mitochondrial accumulations and ragged red fibers (RRF), suggesting an impairment in the normal mitochondrial arrangement. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and cytochrome oxidase (COX) tests also indicate that respiratory complexes might be affected.
Conclusion: Our results suggest a different biochemical composition of S. polymorpha venom, based on the different effects of four venom fractions on the cells tested, according to statistical evidence. Fractions F6 and F7 caused the most important alterations.

Recommended citation: Tabullo De Robles J., Fern\ández Valverde F., Valladares Cisneros L., Hern\ández Villeda J., S\ánchez-Reyes A., Guti\érrez M. C. (2020): Mitochondrial activity disruption and local muscle damage induced in mice by Scolopendra polymorpha venom. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 26 (e20190079): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2019-0079

}, keywords = {Centipede, Myotoxic activity, Venom}, issn = {1678-9199}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2019-0079}, url = {https://www.scielo.br/j/jvatitd/a/txHpPPwNfNpBStTctQFcPzj}, author = {Tabullo De Robles, Judith and Fern{\'a}ndez Valverde, Francisca and Valladares Cisneros, Lucero and Hern{\'a}ndez Villeda, Juana and S{\'a}nchez-Reyes, Ayixon and Guti{\'e}rrez, Mar{\'\i}a del Carmen} } @article {1913, title = {Neotype designation and a diagnostic account for the centipede,Scolopendra gigantea L. 1758, with an account ofS. galapagoensis Bollman 1889 (Chilopoda Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae)}, journal = {Tropical Zoology}, volume = {13}, year = {2000}, pages = {159-170}, abstract = {

The oldest species-group name in the chilopod order Scolopendromorpha and family Scolopendridae, Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus 1758, is stabilized in accordance with the current concept by designating a neotype specimen from northern Venezuela. The species occurs in northern Colombia and Venezuela, and on Trinidad, Isla Margarita, Cura\çao, and Aruba; records from the US Virgin Islands, Haiti, Mexico, and Honduras are deemed to represent accidental human importations or labeling errors. Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman 1889 occurs in Cocos Island, the Gal\ápagos Islands, and along the Pacific Coast of South America and the western slope of the Andes from Ecuador to southern Peru. Scolopendra gigantea weyrauchi B\ücherl 1950 is placed in synonymy under S. galapagoensis Bollman 1889.

}, keywords = {Centipede, Gal{\'a}pagos Islands, Scolopendra galapagoensis, Scolopendra gigantea, Scolopendra gigantea weyrauchi}, issn = {0394-6975, 1970-9528}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2000.10531129}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03946975.2000.10531129}, author = {Shelley, R.M. and Kiser, S.B.} } @article {1223, title = {Scolopendra sumichrasti Saussure, 1860 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae): nuevo registro para Oaxaca, M{\'e}xico y distribuci{\'o}n potencial}, journal = {Revista Nicarag{\"u}ense de Entomolog{\'\i}a}, year = {2020}, month = {03/2020}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {

Resumen: El ciempi\és escolop\éndrido Scolopendra sumichrasti Saussure, 1860 se registra por primera vez para Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, Oaxaca, M\éxico. Esta especie se report\ó previamente para los estados de Chiapas, Hidalgo, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potos\í, Tamaulipas, Veracruz y Yucat\án en M\éxico, as\í como en Belice, Guatemala y Panam\á en Centroam\érica. Adem\ás, la distribuci\ón potencial de S. sumichrasti se evalu\ó al utilizar los registros de localidades y nueve variables clim\áticas como predictoras ambientales. El modelo se gener\ó con el programa R. La proyecci\ón geogr\áfica (mapa de distribuci\ón potencial), puede ser de utilidad para enfocar esfuerzos efectivos de muestreo en \áreas espec\íficas de la regi\ón, como las vertientes pac\ífica y atl\ántica de M\éxico, el sur de la Florida en los Estados Unidos de Am\érica, islas caribe\ñas como Cuba, as\í como Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua y Ecuador.

Abstract: The scolopendrid centipede Scolopendra sumichrasti Saussure, 1860 is recorded for the first time from Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico. This species was previously reported from the states of Chiapas, Hidalgo, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potos\í, Tamaulipas, Veracruz and Yucat\án in Mexico, and from Belize, Guatemala, and Panama in Central America. Also, the potential distribution of S. sumichrasti was evaluated used localities records and nine climate variables as environmental predictors. The modeling was done using the R software. The geographical projection (potential distribution map), will be useful to focus effective sampling efforts in specific areas of the region, such as the Pacific and Atlantic slopes of Mexico, south Florida in the United States of America, Caribbean islands such as Cuba, as well as Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Ecuador.

}, keywords = {biogeograf{\'\i}a, biogeography, Centipede, Central America, Centroam{\'e}rica, ciempi{\'e}s, modelo de distribuci{\'o}n potencial, Neotropic, Neotr{\'o}pico, potential distribution model}, issn = {1021-0296}, url = {http://www.bio-nica.info/RevNicaEntomo/194-Scolopendra-Mexico.pdf}, author = {Nieto Toscano, Luis Francisco and Flores-Guerrero, Ubaldo Sebasti{\'a}n and Cupul-Maga{\~n}a, Fabio Germ{\'a}n} } @article {1154, title = {Isolation and characterization of the major centipede allergen Sco m 5 from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans}, journal = {Allergology International}, volume = {70}, year = {2020}, month = {14/07/2020}, pages = {121-128}, abstract = {

Background: Allergic reactions have been observed following both direct centipede bites and the clinical use of centipede-containing medicines, such as traditional Chinese medicines utilizing Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans; however, no natural centipede allergen has yet been characterized.

Methods: An allergen was purified from S. s. mutilans venom using Superdex 75 gel filtration and RESOURCE S ion chromatography, and its primary structure was determined via a combination of LC-MS-MS, MALDI-TOF/TOF and protein sequencing techniques. Its potential allergenicity was evaluated by immunoblotting, ELISAs, skin prick tests (SPTs) and mast cell activation assays.

Results: A novel allergen Sco m 5 (210 amino acids long) was successfully purified from crude S. s. mutilans venom. Sco m 5 could promote the degranulation of a human mast cell line, HMC-1. Among centipede-allergic patients, Sco m 5 showed an 83.3\% IgE-binding frequency and a 66.7\% positive reaction frequency, as detected by immunoblotting and SPTs, respectively. Sco m 5 IgE-binding frequencies of common Chinese population was found to be 9\%\–16\%. Sera positive for Sco m 5 IgE-binding was cross-reactive against venom from the wasp Vespa mandarinia.

Conclusions: The present study isolated and characterized a novel allergen termed as Sco m 5 from the centipede S. s. mutilans. The use of Sco m 5 to identify centipede-allergic individuals could be important, given the high potential allergenicity of Sco m 5 among the general Chinese population, along with the likely possibility of cross-reactivity against wasp venom among centipede-allergic patients.

}, keywords = {Allergen, Centipede, Cross-reactivity, IgE, Venom}, issn = {1323-8930}, doi = {10.1016/j.alit.2020.06.003}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1323893020300927}, author = {Lan, Xin-Qiang and Zhao, Feng and Wang, Qi-Quan and Li, Jiang-Hua and Zeng, Lin and Zhang, Yun and Lee, Wen-Hui} } @article {1088, title = {Centipede bio-extremity elastic model control}, journal = {Journal of Micro-Bio Robotics}, volume = {17}, year = {2021}, month = {09/03/2021}, pages = {1-23}, abstract = {

In this research, a specimen of arthropod, infraspecies Cormocephalus calcaratus (centipede) is the matter of study for modeling its trunk-limb biomechanics. The endoskeletal system was built to model and approach its passive dynamics motion. The limb\’s musculoskeletal system was digitally \’sculpted\’ in three-dimension using the planar taxonomic sagittal, ventral and transventral views as metrical references, constrained in scale and geometry. The endoskeleton was modeled by an equivalent network of spring-mass-damper muscles with five joints controlled by two input muscles to manipulate the limb\’s tip. The kinematic position equations with their higher-order derivatives and the inner muscles dynamics were deduced for a Newton-based dynamic controller to resemble scramble up motion. Simulations produced realistic controlled motions with expected limb\’s dexterity underactuation.

}, keywords = {3D modeling, Biorobot, Centipede, Limb, Musculoskeletal dexterity, Underactuation}, issn = {2194-6418}, doi = {10.1007/s12213-021-00141-y}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12213-021-00141-y}, author = {Miranda Guaderrama, Joel and Mart{\'\i}nez-Garc{\'\i}a, Edgar Alonso} } @article {999, title = {Comparative analysis of diverse toxins from a new pharmaceutical centipede, Scolopendra mojiangica}, journal = {Zoological Research}, volume = {41}, year = {2020}, month = {01/03/2020}, pages = {138-147}, abstract = {

As the oldest venomous animals, centipedes use their venom as a weapon to attack prey and for protection. Centipede venom, which contains many bioactive and pharmacologically active compounds, has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine, as shown by ancient records. Based on comparative analysis, we revealed the diversity of and differences in centipede toxin-like molecules between Scolopendra mojiangica, a substitute pharmaceutical material used in China, and S. subspinipes mutilans. More than 6 000 peptides isolated from the venom were identified by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and inferred from the transcriptome. As a result, in the proteome of S. mojiangica, 246 unique proteins were identified: one in five were toxin-like proteins or putative toxins with unknown function, accounting for a lower percentage of total proteins than that in S. mutilans. Transcriptome mining identified approximately 10 times more toxin-like proteins, which can characterize the precursor structures of mature toxin-like peptides. However, the constitution and quantity of the toxin transcripts in these two centipedes were similar. In toxicity assays, the crude venom showed strong insecticidal and hemolytic activity. These findings highlight the extensive diversity of toxin-like proteins in S. mojiangica and provide a new foundation for the medical-pharmaceutical use of centipede toxin-like proteins.

}, keywords = {Centipede, Pharmaceutical use, Proteotranscriptomic analysis, Toxins}, issn = {2095-8137}, doi = {10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.019}, url = {http://www.zoores.ac.cn/EN/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.019}, author = {Zi-Chao, Liu and Jin-Yang, Liang and Xin-Qiang, Lan and Tao, Li and Jia-Rui, Zhang and Fang, Zhao and Geng, Li and Pei-Yi, Chen and Yun, Zhang and Wen-Hui, Lee and Feng, Zhao} } @article {192, title = {Taxonomic reassessment and redescription of Scolopendra arthrorhabdoides Ribaut, 1913, with a discussion on its related species (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4425}, year = {2018}, month = {20/05/2018}, pages = {153-164}, abstract = {

Scolopendra arthrorhabdoides Ribaut, 1913 is redescribed based on fresh material. Its taxonomic status is evaluated and compared with Scolopendra armata Kraepelin, 1903 and Scolopendra alternans Leach, 1816. The geographical distribution of S. arthrorhabdoides is also revised. Scolopendra armata is reported from Colombia for the first time.

}, keywords = {Centipede, Chilopoda, Colombia, Scolopendra, Taxonomy, Venezuela}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4425.110.11646/zootaxa.4425.1.9}, url = {https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4425.1.9}, author = {Chagas-Jr, Amazonas and Galvis-Jim{\'e}nez, Sebasti{\'a}n} }