@article {1483, title = {Invertebrate neurophylogeny: suggested terms and definitions for a neuroanatomical glossary}, journal = {Frontiers in Zoology}, volume = {7}, year = {2010}, month = {09/11/2010}, pages = {1-49}, abstract = {

Background: Invertebrate nervous systems are highly disparate between different taxa. This is reflected in the terminology used to describe them, which is very rich and often confusing. Even very general terms such as \‘brain\’, \‘nerve\’, and \‘eye\’ have been used in various ways in the different animal groups, but no consensus on the exact meaning exists. This impedes our understanding of the architecture of the invertebrate nervous system in general and of evolutionary transformations of nervous system characters between different taxa.
Results: We provide a glossary of invertebrate neuroanatomical terms with a precise and consistent terminology, taxon-independent and free of homology assumptions. This terminology is intended to form a basis for new morphological descriptions. A total of 47 terms are defined. Each entry consists of a definition, discouraged terms, and a background/comment section.
Conclusions: The use of our revised neuroanatomical terminology in any new descriptions of the anatomy of invertebrate nervous systems will improve the comparability of this organ system and its substructures between the various taxa, and finally even lead to better and more robust homology hypotheses.

}, keywords = {Apical Organ, Mushroom Body, Nerve Cord, Neurite Bundle, Photoreceptor Cell}, issn = {1742-9994}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-7-29}, url = {https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-9994-7-29}, author = {Richter, Stefan and Loesel, Rudi and Purschke, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas and Scholtz, Gerhard and Stach, Thomas and Vogt, Lars and Wanninger, Andreas and Brenneis, Georg and D{\"o}ring, Carmen and Faller, Simone and Fritsch, Martin and Grobe, Peter and Heuer, Carsten M. and Kaul, Sabrina and M{\o}ller, Ole S. and M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G. and Rieger, Verena and Rothe, Birgen H. and Stegner, Martin E. J. and Harzsch, Steffen} } @article {1355, title = {The antennal scape organ of Scutigera coleoptrata (Myriapoda) and a new type of arthropod tip-pore sensilla integrating scolopidial components}, journal = {Frontiers in Zoology}, volume = {18}, year = {2021}, month = {04/11/2021}, pages = {1-23}, keywords = {Antenna, Cone- and peg-shaped sensilla, Electron microscopy, Evolution, Mandibulata, Recto-canal epidermal glands, Scolopidium}, issn = {1742-9994}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00442-9}, url = {https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12983-021-00442-9}, author = {Sombke, Andy and Rosenberg, J{\"o}rg and Hilken, Gero and M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G.} } @article {1107, title = {When SEM becomes a deceptive tool of analysis: the unexpected discovery of epidermal glands with stalked ducts on the ultimate legs of geophilomorph centipedes}, journal = {Frontiers in Zoology}, volume = {18}, year = {2021}, month = {20/04/2021}, pages = {1-19}, abstract = {

Background: The jointed appendage is a key novelty in arthropod evolution and arthropod legs are known to vary enormously in relation to function. Among centipedes, the ultimate legs always are distinctly different from locomotory legs, and different centipede taxa evolved different structural and functional modifications. In Geophilomorpha (soil centipedes), ultimate legs do not participate in locomotion and were interpret to serve a sensory function. They can be sexually dimorphic and in some species, male ultimate legs notably appear \“hairy\”. It can be assumed that the high abundance of sensilla indicates a pronounced sensory function. This study seeks for assessing the sensory diversity, however, documents the surprising and unique case of an extensive glandular epithelium in the ultimate legs of three phylogenetically distant species.
Results: The tightly aggregated epidermal glands with stalked ducts \– mistakenly thought to be sensilla \– were scrutinized using a multimodal microscopic approach comprising histology as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy in Haplophilus subterraneus. Hence, this is the first detailed account on centipede ultimate legs demonstrating an evolutionary transformation into a \“secretory leg\”. Additionally, we investigated sensory structures as well as anatomical features using microCT analysis. Contrary to its nomination as a tarsus, tarsus 1 possesses intrinsic musculature, which is an indication that this podomere might be a derivate of the tibia.
Discussion: The presence and identity of ultimate leg associated epidermal glands with stalked ducts is a new discovery for myriapods. A pronounced secretory as well as moderate sensory function in Haplophilus subterraneus can be concluded. The set of characters will improve future taxonomic studies, to test the hypotheses whether the presence of these specialized glands is a common feature in Geophilomorpha, and that tarsus 1 may be a derivate of the tibia. As the number of epidermal glands with stalked ducts is sexually dimorphic, their function might be connected to reproduction or a sex-specific defensive role. Our results, in particular the unexpected discovery of \‘glandular hairs\’, may account for a striking example for how deceptive morphological descriptions of epidermal organs may be, if based on non-invasive techniques alone.

}, keywords = {centipedes, Evolution, Functional morphology, Histology, Ultrastructure}, issn = {1742-9994}, doi = {10.1186/s12983-021-00402-3}, url = {https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12983-021-00402-3}, author = {Sombke, Andy and M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G.} } @article {782, title = {About isolated and compound epidermal glands in Myriapoda and their determination as a new potential tool to resolve euarthropod interrelationships}, journal = {Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft 102.Annual meeting Regensburg 25.-28.September 2009}, year = {2009}, pages = {126{\textendash}126}, author = {M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G. and Rosenberg, J{\"o}rg and Hilken, Gero} } @article {781, title = {Fine structure and diversity of flexo-canal exocrine glands of the head of pleurostigmophoran centipedes (Chilopoda)}, journal = {Peckiana / Staatliches Museum f{\"u}r Naturkunde G{\"o}rlitz}, volume = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {120{\textendash}121}, author = {M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G. and Hilken, Gero and Rosenberg, J{\"o}rg} } @article {764, title = {On the fine structure of epidermal glands in Chilopoda: structure and phylogenetic aspects}, journal = {Norwegian Journal of Entomology}, volume = {53}, year = {2006}, pages = {379}, author = {M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G. and Rosenberg, J{\"o}rg and Hilken, Gero} } @article {765, title = {Ultrastructural organization of the anal organs in the so-called ano-genital capsule of Craterostigmus tasmanianus Pocock, 1902 (Chilopoda, Craterostigmomorpha) - short communication}, journal = {Norwegian Journal of Entomology}, volume = {53}, year = {2006}, pages = {378}, author = {Rosenberg, J{\"o}rg and M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G. and Hilken, Gero} } @article {475, title = {A centipede nymph in Baltic amber and a new approach to document amber fossils}, journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {425{\textendash}432}, issn = {1439-6092, 1618-1077}, doi = {10.1007/s13127-013-0129-3}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13127-013-0129-3}, author = {Haug, Joachim T. and M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G. and Sombke, Andy} } @article {492, title = {Comparative morphology of ultimate and walking legs in the centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda) with functional implications}, journal = {Zoological Letters}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2019}, month = {dec}, abstract = {

Background: In the context of evolutionary arthopodial transformations, centipede ultimate legs exhibit a plethora of morphological modifications and behavioral adaptations. Many species possess significantly elongated, thickened, or pincer-like ultimate legs. They are frequently sexually dimorphic, indicating a role in courtship and mating. In addition, glandular pores occur more commonly on ultimate legs than on walking legs, indicating a role in secretion, chemical communication, or predator avoidance. In this framework, this study characterizes the evolutionarily transformed ultimate legs in Lithobius forficatus in comparison with regular walking legs. Results: A comparative analysis using macro-photography, SEM, \μCT, autofluorescence, backfilling, and 3Dreconstruction illustrates that ultimate legs largely resemble walking legs, but also feature a series of distinctions. Substantial differences are found with regard to aspects of the configuration of specific podomeres, musculature, abundance of epidermal glands, typology and distribution of epidermal sensilla, and architecture of associated nervous system structures. Conclusion: In consideration of morphological and behavioral characteristics, ultimate legs in L. forficatus primarily serve a defensive, but also a sensory function. Moreover, morphologically coherent characteristics in the organization of the ultimate leg versus the antenna-associated neuromere point to constructional constraints in the evolution of primary processing neuropils.

}, issn = {2056-306X}, url = {https://zoologicalletters.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40851-018-0115-x}, author = {Kenning, Matthes and Schendel, Vanessa and M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G. and Sombke, Andy} } @conference {493, title = {Evolutionary transformations of centipede ultimate legs}, booktitle = {Integrative and Comparative Biology}, volume = {60}, year = {2020}, month = {01/03/2020}, pages = {E218}, publisher = {Oxforf University Press}, organization = {Oxforf University Press}, address = {Austin, Texas}, abstract = {

In comparison to locomotory legs, the last pair of legs in Chilopoda \– the ultimate legs \– is particularly unique as no other legs in centipedes show a comparable functional, morphological, and behavioral diversity. These evolutionary transformed appendages are never or only rarely used for locomotion and can exhibit different morphologies associated with different functions. Sexual dimorphic characteristics suggest that ultimate legs play a pivotal role in intraspecific communication, mate finding and courtship behavior. Thus, centipede ultimate legs provide an excellent opportunity to explore diverse pathways of leg transformations. Ultimate legs in Scutigeromorpha (house centipedes) are extremely elongated and resemble antennae. The diversity, abundance and distribution of sensory structures, their association with elaborated primary processing centers in the nervous system, as well as electrophysiological experiments strongly suggest that these multi-annulated legs function as sensory appendages at the posterior end of the body. In Geophilomorpha (soil centipedes), ultimate legs may be sexually dimorphic and frequently covered with thousands of cuticular structures. However, these hairs do not resemble sensilla, but shafts of glandular structures. Thus, geophilomorph ultimate legs evolved a secretory function of yet unknown relevance. We show that centipede ultimate leg transformations are by no means restricted to external morphology, but that this particular centipede character was subjected to a cascade of adaptations.

Recommended citation: Sombke, A. \& C. H. G. M\üller (2020): Evolutionary transformations of centipede ultimate legs. Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 60, Supplement 1, Page e218. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa006

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa006}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/60/Supplement_1/e1/5803936}, author = {Sombke, Andy and M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G.} }