03159nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245007400055210006900129260001500198300000900213490000700222520226400229100001202493700001702505700001502522700002102537700001502558700002502573700001402598700001802612700002502630700001802655700002002673700002302693700001902716700002302735700003402758856005302792 2020 eng d a1544-917300aMillipede genomes reveal unique adaptations during myriapod evolution0 aMillipede genomes reveal unique adaptations during myriapod evol c29/09/2020 a1-240 v183 a

The Myriapoda, composed of millipedes and centipedes, is a fascinating but poorly understood branch of life, including species with a highly unusual body plan and a range of unique adaptations to their environment. Here, we sequenced and assembled 2 chromosomal-level genomes of the millipedes Helicorthomorpha holstii (assembly size = 182 Mb; shortest scaffold/contig length needed to cover 50% of the genome [N50] = 18.11 Mb mainly on 8 pseudomolecules) and Trigoniulus corallinus (assembly size = 449 Mb, N50 = 26.78 Mb mainly on 17 pseudomolecules). Unique genomic features, patterns of gene regulation, and defence systems in millipedes, not observed in other arthropods, are revealed. Both repeat content and intron size are major contributors to the observed differences in millipede genome size. Tight Hox and the first loose ecdysozoan ParaHox homeobox clusters are identified, and a myriapod-specific genomic rearrangement including Hox3 is also observed. The Argonaute (AGO) proteins for loading small RNAs are duplicated in both millipedes, but unlike in insects, an AGO duplicate has become a pseudogene. Evidence of post-transcriptional modification in small RNAs—including species-specific microRNA arm switching—providing differential gene regulation is also obtained. Millipedes possesses a unique ozadene defensive gland unlike the venomous forcipules found in centipedes. We identify sets of genes associated with the ozadene that play roles in chemical defence as well as antimicrobial activity. Macro-synteny analyses revealed highly conserved genomic blocks between the 2 millipedes and deuterostomes. Collectively, our analyses of millipede genomes reveal that a series of unique adaptations have occurred in this major lineage of arthropod diversity. The 2 high-quality millipede genomes provided here shed new light on the conserved and lineage-specific features of millipedes and centipedes. These findings demonstrate the importance of the consideration of both centipede and millipede genomes—and in particular the reconstruction of the myriapod ancestral situation—for future research to improve understanding of arthropod evolution, and animal evolutionary genomics more widely.

1 aQu, Zhe1 aNong, Wenyan1 aSo, Wai, L1 aBarton-Owen, Tom1 aLi, Yiqian1 aLeung, Thomas, C. N.1 aLi, Chade1 aBaril, Tobias1 aWong, Annette, Y. P.1 aSwale, Thomas1 aChan, Ting-Fung1 aHayward, Alexander1 aNgai, Sai-Ming1 aHui, Jerome, H. L.1 aFernandez-Valverde, Selene, L uhttps://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000636