02954nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245018300055210006900238260001500307300001200322490000700334520216900341653001702510653001702527653002502544653001802569653002002587653002302607100001802630700002302648856005302671 2019 eng d a0300-325600aOn the importance of fine-scale sampling in detecting alpha taxonomic diversity among saproxylic invertebrates: A velvet worm (Onychophora: Opisthopatus amaxhosa) template0 aimportance of finescale sampling in detecting alpha taxonomic di c20/02/2019 a243-2620 v483 a

The phylogeography and social structure of the narrow endemic velvet worm species Opisthopatus amaxhosa were investigated by conducting fine‐scale sampling in its distribution range in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. In addition, and as part of larger grant on forest biodiversity, Opisthopatus specimens sampled at localities not included during a recent evaluation of the genus were included in a new phylogeny. A total of 89 specimens from 18 sample localities were collected at three forest patches for O. amaxhosa samples, while an additional six Opisthopatus sample localities were included. For O. amaxhosa, we sequenced the COI locus for all specimens, while a subset of specimens was sequenced for two nuclear loci, 18S rRNA and the fushi tarazu intron (FTz). Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences of the latter species revealed the presence of two highly divergent clades, characterised by marked uncorrected sequence divergence values. In addition, these two clades did not share any maternal haplotypes, were characterised by high FST values and fixed nuclear difference for the 18S rRNA locus, while the FTz intron was genetically invariant. Furthermore, the application of scanning electron microscopy between the two genetically divergent clades also revealed the presence of fixed ventral and dorsal scale numbers. Collectively, this provides evidence for a novel species that is present at a fine scale. Divergence time estimations suggest that the two clades diverged during the late and early Pleistocene with climatic cycling potentially causal to the fragmentation. The social structure was male‐biased, and samples from the same logs were not always genetically identical. At the broader scale, the inclusion of new specimens within Opisthopatus revealed no novel lineages. Fine‐scale sampling appears more important to detect alpha taxonomic diversity compared to broadscale sampling.

 

10aconservation10afine‐scale10aforest fragmentation10anovel species10aphylogeographic10apopulation‐level1 aBarnes, Aaron1 aDaniels, Savel, R. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/zsc.2019.48.issue-202025nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245017900055210006900234260001500303300001400318490000700332520127800339653001701617653001301634653002401647100001601671700003101687700002101718700002101739856004701760 2018 eng d a1445-522600aCryptic speciation in a biodiversity hotspot: multilocus molecular data reveal new velvet worm species from Western Australia (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Kumbadjena)0 aCryptic speciation in a biodiversity hotspot multilocus molecula c27/11/2018 a1249-12640 v323 a

There is a yet uncovered multitude of species to be found among Western Australian Onychophora. Kumbadjena, one of the two genera that reside in this region, has been previously suggested to house an extensive species complex. Morphology alone has not been able to elucidate the diversity in this genus and has instead muddled species delineations. Topologies and species delimitation analyses resulting from the sequences of two mitochondrial ribosomal markers (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), one nuclear ribosomal marker (18S rRNA), and one mitochondrial protein-coding gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) are indicative of several undescribed species. Fixed diagnostic nucleotide changes in the highly conserved sequences of 18S rRNA warrant distinction of three new species of Kumbadjena: K. toolbrunupensis, sp. nov., K. karricola, sp. nov., and K. extrema, sp. nov. The geographic distributions of the proposed species suggest that Kumbadjena is another example of short-range endemism, a common occurrence in the flora and fauna of the region. The extensive biodiversity and endemism in the region necessitates conservation to preserve the species and processes that promote speciation harboured by Western Australia.

10aconservation10aendemism10amolecular diagnosis1 aSato, Shoyo1 aBuckman-Young, Rebecca, S.1 aHarvey, Mark, S.1 aGiribet, Gonzalo uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS18024