02428nas a2200277 4500008004100000022002500041245023700066210006900303260001500372300001100387490000700398520148100405653001801886653001301904653002201917653002101939653001401960653002401974653001301998653001802011653001202029100002402041700001802065700002302083856004402106 2022 eng d a1447-2600, 1445-522600aCombining mitochondrial DNA and morphological data to delineate four new millipede species and provisional assignment to the genus Apeuthes Hoffman & Keeton (Diplopoda : Spirobolida : Pachybolidae : Trigoniulinae)0 aCombining mitochondrial DNA and morphological data to delineate  c16/02/2022 a91-1120 v363 a

Hitherto, the millipede genus Apeuthes (family Pachybolidae, subfamily Trigoniulinae) was only known from three species described in Vietnam based on morphological characters. The present study uses two partial mitochondrial gene fragments (cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA) and morphology to define four new Apeuthes species from Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam: A. fimbriatus, sp. nov., A. longeligulatus, sp. nov., A. pollex, sp. nov. and ?A. spininavis, sp. nov. The intraspecific COI sequence divergence of two Apeuthes species is 3–7% (mean: 5%) and the interspecific divergence of five species is 11–16% (mean: 13.7%). All members of the genus share unique male characters, viz the posterior gonopod telopodite with several dentate, serrate or tuberculate lamellae in a boat-like cavity or a boat-like cavity covered with spines. The delimitation of the four new species is supported by the congruence between mitochondrial DNA and morphological data. However, while the monophyly of Trigoniulinae is well supported, the relationships within this subfamily, and particularly among Apeuthes species, including the monophyly of Apeuthes, lack strong support. Therefore assignment of the four new species, and particularly of ?A. spininavis sp. nov., to the genus Apeuthes is tentative and awaits a comprehensive revision of the group.

10aDNA barcoding10aMalaysia10amitochondrial DNA10amonotypic genera10aphylogeny10aspecies delineation10aThailand10aTrigoniulinae10aVietnam1 aPimvichai, Piyatida1 aPanha, Somsak1 aBackeljau, Thierry uhttps://www.publish.csiro.au/IS/IS2103803135nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245025000055210006900305260001500374300001200389490000700401520225900408653002202667653001602689653001402705653002002719653002502739100002402764700002002788700001802808700002302826856004402849 2018 eng d a1445-522600aMorphological and mitochondrial DNA data reshuffle the taxonomy of the genera Atopochetus Attems, Litostrophus Chamberlin and Tonkinbolus Verhoeff (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Pachybolidae), with descriptions of nine new species0 aMorphological and mitochondrial DNA data reshuffle the taxonomy  c01/02/2018 a159-1950 v323 a

Species-level taxonomy and phylogeny of two genera of South-East (SE) Asian pachybolid millipedes are analysed with a combination of morphological characters and DNA sequences (two mitochondrial gene fragments: COI and 16S rRNA). Strong support is found for the genera Litostrophus Chamberlin, 1921 and Atopochetus Attems, 1953 and for a clade consisting of Litostrophus + Atopochetus. Four species of Litostrophus are recognised and (re)described: L. segregatus Chamberlin, 1921 (type species of the genus), L. scaber (Verhoeff, 1938), comb. nov., L. chamaeleon, sp. nov. and L. saraburensis, sp. nov. The genus Tonkinbolus Verhoeff, 1938 (type species T. scaber Verhoeff, 1938) is synonymised under Litostrophus. Atopochetus (type species A. rubropunctatus Attems, 1953), hitherto considered a dubious synonym of Aulacobolus Pocock, 1903, is re-instated for several species until now placed in Tonkinbolus and seven new species. All in all, 10 species of Atopochetus are (re)described: A. dollfusii (Pocock, 1893) (= Aulacobolus rubropunctatus Attems, 1938, syn. nov.), A. moulmeinensis (Pocock, 1893), A. sumatranus (Carl, 1906) (= Trachelomegalus laciniatus Attems, 1937, syn. nov.), A. anaticeps, sp. nov., A. helix, sp. nov., A. setiferus, sp. nov., A. spinimargo, sp. nov., A. truncatus, sp. nov., A. uncinatus, sp. nov. and A. weseneri, sp. nov. Three species recently included in Tonkinbolus are left incertae sedis because they are based exclusively on female type specimens: Spirobolus capucinus Porat, 1896, S. caudulanus Karsch, 1881 and S. macrurus Pocock, 1893. The results of the DNA analysis (COI and 16S rRNA) are congruent with morphological (gonopodal) characters in terms of delimitation of species of Litostrophus and Atopochetus. This is the first DNA study of SE Asian Pachybolidae and as such it provides a basis for further evolutionary and biogeographic studies of SE Asian millipedes.

10amitochondrial DNA10anew species10aphylogeny10aSouth-East Asia10aspecies delimitation1 aPimvichai, Piyatida1 aEnghoff, Henrik1 aPanha, Somsak1 aBackeljau, Thierry uhttps://www.publish.csiro.au/is/IS1705201583nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245023000055210006900285260001500354300001000369490000700379520092100386100002401307700002001331700001801351856004401369 2010 eng d a1445-522600aThe Rhynchoproctinae, a south-east Asiatic subfamily of giant millipedes: cladistic analysis, classification, four new genera and a deviating new species from north-west Thailand (Diplopoda : Spirostreptida : Harpagophoridae)0 aRhynchoproctinae a southeast Asiatic subfamily of giant milliped c17/05/2010 a51-800 v243 a

The subfamily Rhynchoproctinae is revised at the generic level. Four new genera and a remarkable new species are described: Alienostreptus, gen. nov. from Vietnam, Armatostreptus, gen. nov., Heptischius, gen. nov., and Heptischius lactuca, sp. nov. from Thailand, and Prominulostreptus, gen. nov. from China. Agaricogonopus Zhang & Zhang, 1997, is removed from synonymy with Junceustreptus Demange, 1961. All 14 genera of the subfamily share three diagnostic gonopodal characters: the posterior surface of the anterior coxal fold forms a deep concavity, there is a mesal flap on the gonopod coxa, and the posterior coxal fold is very low. A cladistic analysis based on morphological data supports monophyly of Rhynchoproctinae and the distincness of the newly described genera. A dichotomous key to the genera is included.

1 aPimvichai, Piyatida1 aEnghoff, Henrik1 aPanha, Somsak uhttps://www.publish.csiro.au/is/is0905201978nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245017600055210006900231260001500300300001000315490000700325520122700332653001701559653001401576653001501590653001401605653001301619100002001632700002001652700002901672856004701701 2008 eng d a1445-522600aPachybolini – a tribe of giant Afrotropical millipedes: arguments for monophyly and the description of a new genus from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Pachybolidae)0 aPachybolini a tribe of giant Afrotropical millipedes arguments f c18/03/2008 a37-530 v223 a

Madabolus, gen. nov. is described to accommodate M. maximus, sp. nov. (type species) from several localities in western Madagascar. A phylogenetic analysis of 26 spirobolidan taxa, based on morphological characters, places Madabolus, gen. nov. with the Afrotropical genera Pelmatojulus de Saussure, 1860; Pachybolus Cook, 1897; Hadrobolus Cook, 1897 and Epibolus Cook, 1897. The tribe Pachybolini is proposed to include Madabolus, gen. nov. and the four abovementioned genera. Putative autapomorphies of Pachybolini are: a closed incisura lateralis; setae of gnathochilarial lamella lingualis apical; vulva kidney- or crescent-shaped, with valves meeting in a sinuous fissure and crest protruding. Within Pachybolini, Pelmatojulus (West Africa) stands out by virtue of an increased number of apical antennal sensory cones, with great probability an apomorphy. Madabolus, gen. nov. and east African genera of the tribe share another potential synapomorphy, namely, an increased number of setae on the gnathochilarial lamellae linguales. Other Malagasy genera of Pachybolidae do not seem to be related to Afrotropical genera.

10abiogeography10aMadabolus10amorphology10aphylogeny10aTaxonomy1 aWesener, Thomas1 aEnghoff, Henrik1 aWägele, Johann-Wolfgang uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS0700801947nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245016500055210006900220260001500289300001200304490000700316520117700323653001301500653001401513653001201527653001001539653001601549100002201565700002001587700002701607700002401634856004701658 2020 eng d a1445-522600aPhylogenetic placement of the monotypic genus Holopodostreptus Carl, 1913 and notes on the systematics of Pseudonannolenidae (Spirostreptida: Cambalidea)0 aPhylogenetic placement of the monotypic genus iHolopodostreptusi c14/08/2020 a661-6770 v343 a

The genus Holopodostreptus Carl, 1913 is a poorly known monotypic genus endemic to Ecuador. It differs from most other Pseudonannolenidae by a set of characteristics of the gnathochilarium and gonopods. Herein, we provide descriptive notes of males of H. braueri Carl, 1913 based on recently collected material. Females of the species are described for the first time, and images of the vulvae are provided. In addition, we attempt for the first time to place Holopodostreptus in a phylogenetic context. With a total of 14 taxa and 41 morphological characters, and under implied weighting (k = 6), a single most-parsimonious tree is recovered (total fit = 35.86). The genus is recovered as sister-group of Physiostreptus Silvestri, 1903. The clade Holopodostreptus + Physiostreptus is supported by one synapomorphy (absence of setae on the prefemoral process of leg-pair 1 in males) and one homoplastic transformation (narrow telopodite). Based on the phylogenetic results, notes on the subfamilies Pseudonannoleninae, Cambalomminae and Physiostreptinae and a key for all pseudonannolenid genera are provided.

10aColombia10aDiplopoda10aEcuador10aHaiti10aWest Indies1 aIniesta, Luiz, FM1 aEnghoff, Henrik1 aBrescovit, Antonio, D.1 aBouzan, Rodrigo, S. uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS2001202849nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245017100055210006900226260001500295300001200310490000700322520208700329653002202416653001402438653001402452653002402466100002402490700002002514700001802534700002302552856004402575 2020 eng d a1445-522600aIntegrative taxonomy of the new millipede genus Coxobolellus, gen. nov. (Diplopoda : Spirobolida : Pseudospirobolellidae), with descriptions of ten new species0 aIntegrative taxonomy of the new millipede genus iCoxobolellusi g c14/08/2020 a591-6170 v343 a

Pseudospirobolellidae is a poorly known family of spirobolidan millipedes with only two genera and five described species. Yet, the descriptive taxonomy and molecular systematics of this group have been largely neglected. Therefore, the present work presents an integrative taxonomic study of new pseudospirobolellid taxa in Thailand. To this end, two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI and 16S rRNA) combined with morphological characters were used to define the genus Coxobolellus, gen. nov. with 10 new species, viz. C. albiceps, sp. nov., C. compactogonus, sp. nov., C. fuscus, sp. nov., C. nodosus, sp. nov., C. serratus, sp. nov., C. simplex, sp. nov., C. tenebris, sp. nov., C. tigris, sp. nov., C. transversalis, sp. nov. and C. valvatus, sp. nov. The interspecific COI sequence divergences among the new species ranged from 6 to 15%. The intergeneric COI sequence divergence between species of Coxobolellus, gen. nov., Benoitolus birgitae and Pseudospirobolellus sp. ranged from 20 to 23%. Three major morphological differences separate Coxobolellus, gen. nov. from Benoitolus and Pseudospirobolellus, namely (1) the protruding process on the 3rd (and 4th) coxae on male legs, (2) the posterior gonopod telopodite divided into two parts, and (3) a conspicuous opening pore at the mesal margin at the end of the coxal part of the posterior gonopod. Thus, the new genus is well supported by both mtDNA and morphological evidence, while the delimitation of the 10 new species is supported by the congruence between mtDNA and morphological data. Yet, with respect to the relationships of Benoitolus birgitae, morphological data suggest a similarity with Coxobolellus, gen. nov. and Pseudospirobolellus, whereas mtDNA data place this species in the Pachybolidae. Further phylogenetic analyses are needed to explore this apparent incongruence and test the monophyly of Pseudospirobolellidae.

10amitochondrial DNA10anew genus10aphylogeny10aspecies delineation1 aPimvichai, Piyatida1 aEnghoff, Henrik1 aPanha, Somsak1 aBackeljau, Thierry uhttps://www.publish.csiro.au/is/IS2003102334nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245014300055210006900198260001500267300001400282490000700296520161500303653001801918653002501936653001901961653002501980653001802005100001902023700002702042856004702069 2018 eng d a1445-522600aMolecular phylogeny and systematics of the centipede genus Ethmostigmus Pocock (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) from peninsular India0 aMolecular phylogeny and systematics of the centipede genus iEthm c04/12/2018 a1316-13350 v323 a

Integrative taxonomy assesses the congruence between different lines of evidence for delimiting species, such as morphological, molecular or ecological data. Herein molecular phylogenetics is used to test monophyly and determine the phylogenetic position of the Old World tropical centipede genus Ethmostigmus Pocock, 1898, and to define species boundaries for Ethmostigmus in peninsular India. A phylogeny of the family Scolopendridae based on DNA sequence data for three markers from 427 specimens sampling in all major lineages (144 individuals generated in this study) recovers Ethmostigmus as a monophyletic group, but relationships among the genera in its subfamily Otostigminae are poorly supported. Two species delimitation methods for DNA sequence data and phylogeny are integrated with morphology and geographic data to propose a well-supported species hypothesis for Ethmostigmus on the peninsular Indian plate. Five species of Ethmostigmus are recognised in peninsular India, of which E. coonooranus Chamberlin, 1920 and three new species, namely, E. agasthyamalaiensis, sp. nov., E. sahyadrensis, sp. nov. and E. praveeni, sp. nov., occur in the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot. The lesser-known Eastern Ghats harbour one species, E. tristis (Meinert, 1886), which has been nearly unreported for 130 years. This study highlights the value of an integrative approach to systematics, especially in underexplored, high biodiversity regions and where morphological variation is limited among closely related species.

10aEastern Ghats10aintegrative taxonomy10aScolopendridae10aspecies delimitation10aWestern Ghats1 aJoshi, Jahnavi1 aEdgecombe, Gregory, D. uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS1803002811nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245017900055210006900234260001500303300001200318490000700330520205500337653002602392653001202418653001802430653001302448653001602461100001802477700001602495700002302511856004702534 2020 eng d a1445-522600aSystematics of the Peripatopsis clavigera species complex (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) reveals cryptic cladogenic patterning, with the description of five new species0 aSystematics of the iPeripatopsis clavigerai species complex Onyc c14/08/2020 a569-5900 v343 a

During the present study, DNA sequence data, gross morphology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine cryptic species boundaries in the velvet worm, Peripatopsis clavigera species complex, from the southern Cape Afrotemperate forest belt in South Africa. Sequence data were generated for the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear 18S rRNA loci and phylogenetically analysed using both a Bayesian inference and a maximum-likelihood approach. Both the COI data and the combined DNA sequence topology (COI+18S) revealed the presence of five clades within the Peripatopsis clavigera species complex, and revealed that specimens from Tulbagh were distantly related and represented a sixth clade. The evolutionary distinction of the five clades was corroborated to varying degrees by the four species-delimitation methods (ABGD, PTP, GMYC and STACEY); however, both the gross morphological data and the SEM provided limited diagnostic differences between the five clades. Furthermore, the COI haplotype network and phylogeographic analyses provided evidence of genetic isolation between lineages that are currently syntopic. The distribution of genealogically exclusive and widespread maternal lineages was atypical among velvet worms and did not reflect the general trend of genetic and geographical isolation. Instead, lineages exhibited admixture among localities, a result most likely due to fluctuations in climatic conditions affecting the southern Cape Afrotemperate forest during the Pliocene–Pleistocene period as evident from our divergence time estimations. Four novel, narrow-range endemic species – P. ferox, sp. nov., P. mellaria, sp. nov., P. edenensis, sp. nov. and P. mira, sp. nov. – are described within the P. clavigera species complex, whereas the Tulbagh specimens are described as P. tulbaghensis, sp. nov. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Peripatopsis likely contains several undescribed species.

10aclimatic amelioration10aendemic10anovel species10asympatry10avelvet worm1 aBarnes, Aaron1 aReiss, Till1 aDaniels, Savel, R. uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS1907101539nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260001500250300000800265490000700273520101200280100002101292700002101313856004701334 2010 eng d a1445-522600a'Moa's Ark' or 'Goodbye Gondwana': is the origin of New Zealand's terrestrial invertebrate fauna ancient, recent or both?0 aMoas Ark or Goodbye Gondwana is the origin of New Zealands terre c17/05/2010 a1-80 v243 a

Evaluating the hypothesis of New Zealand’s total submersion during the Oligocene requires the strictest tests, including sound phylogenetic data and dating of phylogenies. Although New Zealand has been traditionally considered to host ancient biota that originated by vicariance after it separated from Australia ~80 Mya, the ancient origins of its biota have been recently questioned, with some authors even suggesting that all current land organisms had to arrive to the islands after it re-emerged from the ocean 22 million years ago. Here we examine examples of short-range endemic soil-dwelling invertebrates and find compelling evidence that at least some of them are the result of old lineages that diversified in New Zealand before the hypothesised submersion event 22 million year ago. We conclude that New Zealand indeed has old lineages as well as recently diversified lineages and compare this situation with that of other more stable areas of the Neotropics.

1 aGiribet, Gonzalo1 aBoyer, Sarah, L. uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS1000902264nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245009100055210006900146260001500215300001200230490000700242520154600249653001701795653002601812653001701838653002401855653001601879653002401895653000801919100002701927700002101954856004701975 2004 eng d a1445-522600aMolecular phylogeny of Australasian anopsobiine centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha)0 aMolecular phylogeny of Australasian anopsobiine centipedes Chilo c18/06/2004 a235-2490 v183 a

Species assigned to the anopsobiine centipede genera Anopsobius Silvestri, 1899, and Dichelobius Attems, 1911, are widely distributed on fragments of the Gondwanan supercontinent, including temperate and tropical Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Cape region of South Africa, and southern South America. Phylogenetic relationships between Australasian and other Gondwanan Anopsobiinae are inferred based on parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses (via direct optimisation) of sequence data for five markers: nuclear ribosomal 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA, mitochondrial ribosomal 12S rRNA and 16S RNA, and the mitochondrial protein-coding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. New molecular data are added for Anopsobius from South Africa and New Zealand, Dichelobius from New Caledonia, and a new species from Queensland, Australia, Dichelobius etnaensis, sp. nov. The new species is based on distinctive morphological and molecular data. The molecular phylogenies indicate that antennal segmentation in the Anopsobiinae is a more reliable taxonomic character than is spiracle distribution. The former character divides the Gondwanan clade into a 17-segmented group (Dichelobius) and a 15-segmented group (Anopsobius). Confinement of the spiracles to segments 3, 10 and 12 has at least two origins in the Gondwanan clade. The area cladogram for Dichelobius (Queensland (Western Australia + New Caledonia)) suggests a relictual distribution pruned by extinction.

10aAnopsobiinae10aantennal segmentation10abiogeography10adirect optimisation10aHenicopidae10amolecular phylogeny10aPOY1 aEdgecombe, Gregory, D.1 aGiribet, Gonzalo uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS0303302025nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245017900055210006900234260001500303300001400318490000700332520127800339653001701617653001301634653002401647100001601671700003101687700002101718700002101739856004701760 2018 eng d a1445-522600aCryptic speciation in a biodiversity hotspot: multilocus molecular data reveal new velvet worm species from Western Australia (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Kumbadjena)0 aCryptic speciation in a biodiversity hotspot multilocus molecula c27/11/2018 a1249-12640 v323 a

There is a yet uncovered multitude of species to be found among Western Australian Onychophora. Kumbadjena, one of the two genera that reside in this region, has been previously suggested to house an extensive species complex. Morphology alone has not been able to elucidate the diversity in this genus and has instead muddled species delineations. Topologies and species delimitation analyses resulting from the sequences of two mitochondrial ribosomal markers (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), one nuclear ribosomal marker (18S rRNA), and one mitochondrial protein-coding gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) are indicative of several undescribed species. Fixed diagnostic nucleotide changes in the highly conserved sequences of 18S rRNA warrant distinction of three new species of Kumbadjena: K. toolbrunupensis, sp. nov., K. karricola, sp. nov., and K. extrema, sp. nov. The geographic distributions of the proposed species suggest that Kumbadjena is another example of short-range endemism, a common occurrence in the flora and fauna of the region. The extensive biodiversity and endemism in the region necessitates conservation to preserve the species and processes that promote speciation harboured by Western Australia.

10aconservation10aendemism10amolecular diagnosis1 aSato, Shoyo1 aBuckman-Young, Rebecca, S.1 aHarvey, Mark, S.1 aGiribet, Gonzalo uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS1802402407nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245016400055210006900219260001500288300001200303490000700315520161200322653002501934653000901959653001701968653001801985653001902003100002402022700002702046700002402073700002102097856004702118 2011 eng d a1445-522600aResolving the phylogenetic position of enigmatic New Guinea and Seychelles Scutigeromorpha (Chilopoda): a molecular and morphological assessment of Ballonemini0 aResolving the phylogenetic position of enigmatic New Guinea and  c29/04/2011 a539-5590 v243 a

Recent phylogenetic analyses of scutigeromorph centipedes omitted New Guinea endemics for lack of modern data, either from morphology or molecular sequences. Among these is the tribe Ballonemini, originally established for Ballonema Verhoeff, 1904, and Parascutigera Verhoeff, 1904, based on similar tergal prominences. Subsequent systematic revision led to their separation into different subfamilies. Combined analyses of morphology and sequence data including Ballonema gracilipes Verhoeff, 1904, resolve Ballonema either in a grade of Scutigerinae or as sister to all other Scutigerinae + Thereuoneminae. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the types of B. gracilipes demonstrates the utility of this technique for non-destructive imaging of historical museum material at a resolution comparable to scanning electron microscopy. A possible record of Ballonema in the Seychelles is dismissed; a collection from Silhouette samples a member of Thereuoneminae described as Seychellonema gerlachi, gen. nov. sp. nov. Morphological data, analysed with sequence data for other Scutigeromorpha, ally Seychellonema with the Oriental–Australian genus Thereuopoda Verhoeff, 1904, but it displays a novel patterning of its tergal spinula and tarsal papillae. The phylogenetic analyses include sequence data for African Pselliodidae, corroborating a sister group relationship to remaining Scutigeromorpha and generating a more stable result than in earlier analyses using only Neotropical species.

10aBallonema gracilipes10aCLSM10aScutigeridae10aSphendononema10aThereuoneminae1 aButler, Aodhán, D.1 aEdgecombe, Gregory, D.1 aBall, Alexander, D.1 aGiribet, Gonzalo uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS1003702416nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245014100055210006900196260001500265300000900280490000700289520169400296653001701990653001902007653001302026653002402039653001402063653001402077100002702091700002102118856004702139 2008 eng d a1445-522600aA New Zealand species of the trans-Tasman centipede order Craterostigmomorpha (Arthropoda: Chilopoda) corroborated by molecular evidence0 aNew Zealand species of the transTasman centipede order Craterost c18/03/2008 a1-150 v223 a

Craterostigmus tasmanianus Pocock, 1902, is the sole species in the centipede order Craterostigmomorpha and the focus of much phylogenetic research in Chilopoda. Originally named from Tasmania, Craterostigmus from New Zealand was first considered conspecific with Tasmanian samples based on external morphology, though recent anatomical studies have argued for a deep divergence between New Zealand and Tasmanian Craterostigmus, and a high-ranking taxonomic separation has been advocated. Unambiguous diagnostic nucleotide characters in nuclear ribosomal 18S and 28S rRNA genes as well as in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, together with the significantly smaller size of New Zealand individuals, the arrangement of supernumerary Malpighian tubules, and patterns in leg spinosity, permit distinction of a New Zealand species, Craterostigmus crabilli, sp. nov. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of four markers (the aforementioned markers plus cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) suggests differentiation of C. tasmanianus from the New Zealand specimens. Combination of the nuclear ribosomal genes and mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI sequences retrieves a geographic pattern within C. crabilli, sp. nov. in which geographic proximity is decoupled from closest affinities, although the 16S rRNA dataset alone shows more geographic structure. The genetic pattern observed, where among species diversity (for both mitochondrial markers) is equivalent to, or greater than, the within species diversity, is not consistent with a recent long-distance dispersal event, and a relictual Gondwanan distribution is the most plausible alternative.

10abiogeography10aCraterostigmus10aGondwana10amolecular diagnosis10aTasmantia10aZealandia1 aEdgecombe, Gregory, D.1 aGiribet, Gonzalo uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS0703603989nas a2200229 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168260000900237300001400246490000700260520315300267653009303420100002103513700003103534700003003565700002303595700002503618700002903643700002303672700002803695856003603723 2018 eng d00aThe ‘Peripatos’ in Eurogondwana? – Lack of evidence that south-east Asian onychophorans walked through Europe0 aiPeripatosi in Eurogondwana Lack of evidence that southeast Asia c2018 a842 - 8650 v323 a

Onychophorans, or velvet worms, are cryptic but extremely charismatic terrestrial invertebrates that have often been the subject of interesting biogeographic debate. Despite great interest, a well resolved and complete phylogeny of the group and a reliable chronogram have been elusive due to their broad geographic distribution, paucity of samples, and challenging molecular composition. Here we present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Onychophora that includes previously unsampled and undersampled lineages and we analyse the expanded dataset using a series of nested taxon sets designed to increase the amount of information available for particular subclades. These include a dataset with outgroups, one restricted to the ingroup taxa, and three others for Peripatopsidae, Peripatidae and Neopatida (= the Neotropical Peripatidae). To explore competing biogeographic scenarios we generate a new time tree for Onychophora using the few available reliable fossils as calibration points. Comparing our results to those of Cyphophthalmi, we reconsider the hypothesis that velvet worms reached Southeast Asia via Eurogondwana, and conclude that a more likely scenario is that they reached Southeast Asia by rafting on the Sibumasu terrane. Our phylogenetic results support the reciprocal monophyly of both families as well as an early division between East and West Gondwana, also in both families, each beginning to diversify between the Permian and the Jurassic. Peripatopsidae clearly supports paraphyly of South Africa with respect to southern South America (Chile) and a sister group relationship of the Southeast Asian/New Guinean Paraperipatus to the Australian/New Zealand taxa. The latter includes a clade that divides between Western Australia and Eastern Australia and two sister clades of trans-Tasman species (one oviparous and one viviparous). This pattern clearly shows that oviparity is secondarily derived in velvet worms. Peripatidae finds a sister group relationship between the Southeast Asian Eoperipatus and the West Gondwanan clade, which divides into the African Mesoperipatus and Neopatida. The latter shows a well supported split between the Pacific Oroperipatus (although it is unclear whether they form one or two clades) and a sister clade that includes the members of the genera Peripatus, Epiperipatus, Macroperipatus and representatives of the monotypic genera Cerradopatus, Plicatoperipatus and Principapillatus. However, Peripatus, Epiperipatus and Macroperipatus are not monophyletic, and all the species from the monotypic genera are related to geographically close species. The same goes for the type species of Macroperipatus (from Trinidad, and sister group to other Trinidad and Tobago species of Epiperipatus) and Epiperipatus (from French Guiana, and related to other Guyana shield species of Epiperipatus and Peripatus). Geographic structure within Neopatida is largely obscured by an unresolved backbone, but many well supported instances of generic non-monophyly challenge the current taxonomic framework, which has often relied on anatomical characters that are untested phylogenetically.

10abiogeography, Neopatida, Onychophora, Peripatidae, Peripatopsidae, Peripatus, phylogeny.1 aGiribet, Gonzalo1 aBuckman-Young, Rebecca, S.1 aCosta, Cristiano, Sampaio1 aBaker, Caitlin, M.1 aBenavides, Ligia, R.1 aBranstetter, Michael, G.1 aDaniels, Savel, R.1 aPinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo uhttps://doi.org/10.1071/IS18007