@article {466, title = {The ultimate legs of Chilopoda (Myriapoda): a review on their morphological disparity and functional variability}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, year = {2017}, pages = {e4023}, issn = {2167-8359}, url = {https://peerj.com/articles/4023}, author = {Kenning, Matthes and M{\"u}ller, Carsten H.G. and Sombke, Andy} } @article {474, title = {Comparative analysis of deutocerebral neuropils in Chilopoda (Myriapoda): implications for the evolution of the arthropod olfactory system and support for the Mandibulata concept}, journal = {BMC Neuroscience}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {1}, author = {Sombke, Andy and Lipke, Elisabeth and Kenning, Matthes and M{\"u}ller, Carsten HG and Hansson, Bill S. and Harzsch, Steffen} } @inbook {476, title = {Architectural Principles and Evolution of the Arthropod Central Nervous System}, booktitle = {Arthropod Biology and Evolution}, year = {2013}, pages = {299{\textendash}342}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-642-36159-3 978-3-642-36160-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-36160-9_13}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-36160-9_13}, author = {Loesel, Rudolf and Wolf, Harald and Kenning, Matthes and Harzsch, Steffen and Sombke, Andy}, editor = {Minelli, Alessandro and Boxshall, Geoffrey and Fusco, Giuseppe} } @article {491, title = {A comparative analysis of the ventral nerve cord of Lithobius forficatus (Lithobiomorpha): morphology, neuroanatomy, and individually identifiable neurons}, journal = {Arthropod Systematics \& Phylogeny}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, year = {2018}, pages = {377{\textendash}394}, abstract = {

In light of competing hypotheses on arthropod phylogeny, additional independent data are needed in addition to traditional morphology and modern molecular approaches. One promising approach involves comparisons of structure and development of the nervous system. In addition to arthropod brain and ventral nerve cord morphology and anatomy, individually identifiable neurons (IINs) provide new character sets for comparative neurophylogenetic analyses. However, very few species and transmitter systems have been investigated, and still fewer species of centipedes have been included in such analyses. In a multi-methodological approach, we analyze the ventral nerve cord of the centipede Lithobius forficatus using classical histology, X-ray micro-computed tomography and immunohistochemical experiments, combined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy to characterize walking leg ganglia and identify IINs using various neurotransmitters. In addition to the subesophageal ganglion, the ventral nerve cord of L. forficatus is composed of the forcipular ganglion, 15 well-separated walking leg ganglia, each associated with eight pairs of nerves, and the fused terminal ganglion. Within the medially fused hemiganglia, distinct neuropilar condensations are located in the ventral-most domain. Immunoreactive neurons of different transmitter systems (allatostatin, histamine, and FMRF-amide) display serially homologous patterns that may lay the foundation for comparison with other arthropod taxa. Moreover, a pair of histaminergic neurons may constitute a promising intra- as well as interspecific IIN candidate.

}, author = {Schendel, Vanessa and Kenning, Matthes and Sombke, Andy} } @article {492, title = {Comparative morphology of ultimate and walking legs in the centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda) with functional implications}, journal = {Zoological Letters}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2019}, month = {dec}, abstract = {

Background: In the context of evolutionary arthopodial transformations, centipede ultimate legs exhibit a plethora of morphological modifications and behavioral adaptations. Many species possess significantly elongated, thickened, or pincer-like ultimate legs. They are frequently sexually dimorphic, indicating a role in courtship and mating. In addition, glandular pores occur more commonly on ultimate legs than on walking legs, indicating a role in secretion, chemical communication, or predator avoidance. In this framework, this study characterizes the evolutionarily transformed ultimate legs in Lithobius forficatus in comparison with regular walking legs. Results: A comparative analysis using macro-photography, SEM, \μCT, autofluorescence, backfilling, and 3Dreconstruction illustrates that ultimate legs largely resemble walking legs, but also feature a series of distinctions. Substantial differences are found with regard to aspects of the configuration of specific podomeres, musculature, abundance of epidermal glands, typology and distribution of epidermal sensilla, and architecture of associated nervous system structures. Conclusion: In consideration of morphological and behavioral characteristics, ultimate legs in L. forficatus primarily serve a defensive, but also a sensory function. Moreover, morphologically coherent characteristics in the organization of the ultimate leg versus the antenna-associated neuromere point to constructional constraints in the evolution of primary processing neuropils.

}, issn = {2056-306X}, url = {https://zoologicalletters.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40851-018-0115-x}, author = {Kenning, Matthes and Schendel, Vanessa and M{\"u}ller, Carsten H. G. and Sombke, Andy} }