@article {1998, title = {A proposed standardised terminology for the external taxonomic characters of the Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda)}, journal = {Fragmenta Faunistica}, volume = {48}, year = {2005}, pages = {1-8}, abstract = {

Abstract: The need for standardising the terminology of the external taxonomic characters of scolopendromorph centipedes is addressed. Single terms are proposed for most characters, bearing in mind those currently in use for the Lithobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha; alternatives are suggested for others. A table compares this nomenclature with those employed in recent treatments of these three orders and is accompanied by explanatory notes. Setal terminology and that for features restricted to individual families and genera are discussed separately.

[Propozycja ustalenia standardowej terminologii dotycz{\k a}cej zewn{\k e}trznych cech taksonomicznych Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda)]

Streszczenie: Autorzy proponuj{\k a} przyj{\k e}cie standard\ów w nazewnictwie zewn{\k e}trznych cech taksonomicznych parecznik\ów z rz{\k e}du skolopendrokszta{\l}tnych, maj{\k a}c na uwadze obecnie u{\.z}ywane terminy dla parecznik\ów z rz{\k e}du drewniakokszta{\l}tnych i zieminkokszta{\l}tnych. Oddzielnie przedyskutowano terminologi{\k e} dotycz{\k a}c{\k a} spinulacji oraz tych cech, kt\óre ograniczaj{\k a} si{\k e} do poszczeg\ólnych rodzin.

}, keywords = {Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha, taxonomic characters, terminology}, issn = {0015-9301, }, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3161/00159301FF2005.48.1.001}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228855602}, author = {Lewis, John G. E. and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Shelley, Rowland M.} } @article {1982, title = {Evolutionary biogeography of the centipede genus Ethmostigmus from Peninsular India: testing an ancient vicariance hypothesis for Old World tropical diversity}, journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {19}, year = {2019}, month = {14/02/2019}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {

Background: Understanding the relative influence of vicariance and dispersal in shaping Old World tropical biodiversity remains a challenge. We aimed to infer the roles of these alternative biogeographic processes using a species time-tree for the centipede genus Ethmostigmus from the Old World tropics. Additionally, we explored fine-scale biogeographic patterns for an endemic radiation of Ethmostigmus from the peninsular Indian Plate (PIP), an area with complex geological and climatic history.

Results: Divergence time estimates suggest that Ethmostigmus began diversifying in the Late Cretaceous, 99 (\± 25) million years ago (Ma), its early biogeographic history shaped by vicariance. Members of Ethmostigmus in PIP form a monophyletic group that underwent endemic radiation in the Late Cretaceous, 72 (\± 25) Ma. In contrast, a new species of Ethmostigmus from north-east India formed a clade with African/Australian species. Fine-scale biogeographic analyses in PIP predict that Indian Ethmostigmus had an ancestor in southern-central parts of the Western Ghats. This was followed by four independent dispersal events from the southern-central Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats, and between different parts of the Western Ghats in the Cenozoic.

Conclusions: Our results are consistent with Gondwanan break-up driving the early evolutionary history of the genus Ethmostigmus. Multiple dispersal events coinciding with geo-climatic events throughout the Cenozoic shaped diversification in PIP. Ethmostigmus species in PIP are restricted to wet forests and have retained that niche throughout their diversification.

Publication date remarks: The article was first published on 01/02/2019. The chosen publication date in Myriatrix is 14/02/2019, when a correction was issued and the original article updated.

}, keywords = {Gondwana biogeography, Palaeoclimate, Scolopendridae, Western and eastern Ghats}, issn = {1471-2148}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1367-6}, url = {https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-019-1367-6}, author = {Joshi, Jahnavi and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {1971, title = {ChiloBase. A web resource for Chilopoda taxonomy}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Minelli, A., Bonato, L., Dioguardi, R., Chagas-Jr., A., Edgecombe, G. D., Lewis, J. G. E., Pereira, L. A., Shelley, R. M., Stoev, P., Uliana, M., Zapparoli, M. (2006-2015): ChiloBase. A web resource for Chilopoda taxonomy. Formerly available at http://chilobase.bio.unipd.it

}, keywords = {Chilopoda}, url = {http://chilobase.bio.unipd.it}, author = {Minelli, Alessandro and Bonato, Lucio and Dioguardi, Rosario and Chagas-Jr., Amazonas and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Lewis, John G. E. and Pereira, Luis Alberto and Shelley, Rowland M. and Stoev, Pavel and Uliana, MARCO and Zapparoli, Marzio} } @article {1917, title = {A taxonomic review of the centipede genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from Laos}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {590}, year = {2016}, month = {17/05/2016}, pages = {1-124}, type = {Monograph}, abstract = {

The centipede genus Scolopendra in mainland Southeast Asia is reviewed taxonomically based on morphological characters, informed by a molecular phylogenetic analysis using sequences from three mitochondrial and nuclear genes (COI, 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA). Eight nominal species of Scolopendra, namely S. morsitans Linnaeus, 1758, S. subspinipes Leach, 1816, S. dehaani Brandt, 1840, S. multidens Newport, 1844, S. calcarata Porat, 1876, S. japonica Koch, 1878, S. pinguis Pocock, 1891, and S. dawydoffi Kronm\üller, 2012, are redescribed together with some revision of type materials. Geographical variation in each species has been compiled with reference to samples that span their distribution ranges in Southeast Asia and some parts of neighbouring areas such as East Asia, the Indian Ocean, and Africa. Comparative study of traditional taxonomic characters from external morphology provides further information to distinguish some closely related species. Scolopendra cataracta Siriwut, Edgecombe \& Panha, sp. n., is described from the southern part of Laos, with additional records in Thailand and Vietnam. The phylogenetic framework for Southeast Asian Scolopendra recognizes S. calcarata + S. pinguis, S. morsitans, and a S. subspinipes group that unites the other six species as the main clades. Within the S. subspinipes group, two monophyletic groups can be distinguished by having either slender or short, thick ultimate leg prefemora and different numbers of apical spines on the coxopleuron. Scolopendra arborea Lewis, 1982, is placed in subjective synonymy with S. dehaani. A survey of external morphology of the genital segments confirms its potential for improving species identification in Scolopendra. Some observations on biology and behaviour are recorded based on field surveys in this area.

}, keywords = {Chilopoda, distribution, phylogeny, Scolopendra, species diversity, systematics}, issn = {1313-2989, 1313-2970}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.590.7950}, author = {Siriwut, Warut and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Sutcharit, Chirasak and Tongkerd, Piyoros and Panha, Somsak} } @article {1779, title = {Revision of the rare centipede genus Sterropristes Attems, 1934, with description of a new species from Thailand (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3484}, year = {2012}, month = {14/09/2012}, pages = {35-52}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

The genus Sterropristes Attems, 1934, currently classified in the scolopendrid subfamily Otostigminae and tribe Sterropristini, is revised. The monotypic genus Malaccolabis Verhoeff, 1937, is synonymized with Sterropristes. Sterropristes sarasinorum Attems, 1934 from Tomohon, Celebes, Indonesia (type species of Sterropristes) and S. metallicus (Verhoeff, 1937) from Penang Hill, Penang, Malaysia (type species of Malaccolabis) are redescribed based on their type material, together with newly collected topotypes of S. metallicus. Sterropristes violaceus Muadsub and Panha n. sp., found under leaves on islands in the Andaman Sea, south-western Thailand, is described.

}, keywords = {Malaysia, morphology, Myriapoda, systematics, Taxonomy}, issn = {1175-5334, 1175-5326}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3484.1.2}, url = {https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.3484.1.2}, author = {Muadsub, Sawitree and Sutcharit, Chirasak and Pimvichai, Piyatida and Enghoff, Henrik and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Panha, Somsak} } @article {1756, title = {Geophilomorph centipedes from the Cretaceous amber of Burma}, journal = {Palaeontology}, volume = {57}, year = {2013}, month = {03/10/2013}, pages = {97-110}, abstract = {

The only previously known Mesozoic fossils of the chilopod order Geophilomorpha are two species from the Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous, both known from single specimens that cannot be assigned with precision to a family. Four specimens from the Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) amber of Burma include three that can be identified as conspecific, described here as Kachinophilus pereirai gen. nov. sp. nov. These specimens preserve greater morphological detail in comparison with other fossil geophilomorphs: the form and fine features of the head, the maxillary complex, the trunk sternites with associated glandular pores and the ultimate pair of legs defend the assignment of the species to the extant family Geophilidae, and most probably to a derived subgroup including well-known extant genera such as Ribautia Br\ölemann, 1909. Confocal laser scanning microscopy supplements examination under incident and transmitted light to document details of high taxonomic relevance in the head and the forcipular segment. The modern appearance of this species and its membership among deeply nested extant clades are consistent with molecular estimates that most of the diversity of crown-group Geophilomorpha originated before the Late Cretaceous.

}, keywords = {Cenomanian, evolutionarily conserved morphology, Geophilidae, Kachinophilus}, issn = {0031-0239}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12051}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12051}, author = {Bonato, Lucio and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Minelli, Alessandro} } @article {1522, title = {Primer registro de Scutigera linceci (Wood, 1867) para Jalisco y anotaciones sobre los escutigeromorfos de M{\'e}xico (Chilopoda: Scutigeromorpha: Scutigeridae)}, journal = {Dugesiana}, volume = {15}, year = {2008}, month = {28/07/2008}, pages = {17-19}, issn = {2007-9133}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.32870/dugesiana.v15i1.3846}, url = {http://dugesiana.cucba.udg.mx/index.php/DUG/article/view/3846}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Cupul-Maga{\~n}a, Fabio Germ{\'a}n} } @article {1502, title = {Scutigeromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scutigeromorpha) of the Dominican Republic, Hispaniola}, journal = {Novitates Caribaea}, volume = {6}, year = {2013}, month = {01/10/2013}, pages = {36-44}, abstract = {

The fauna of scutigeromorph centipedes in the Dominican Republic is studied for the first time based on a sample of 28 individuals collected at 21 localities in 12 provinces. This sample was found to represent two species: Sphendononema guildingii (Newport, 1844) and Dendrothereua linceci (Wood, 1867), both species with a wide geographic distribution in the Caribbean and tropical America. The widely introduced and synanthropic species of Mediterranean origin Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) has never been found in Hispaniola. The scutigeromorph centipedes found as fossilized inclusions in the Dominican amber remain to be properly studied and identified.

Cent\ípedos escutigeromorfos (Chilopoda: Scutigeromorpha) de Rep\ública Dominicana, La Hispaniola

Resumen: Se estudia por primera vez la fauna de ciempi\és escutigeromorfos de la Rep\ública Dominicana basados en una muestra de 28 individuos colectados en 21 localidades de 12 provincias. Se encontr\ó que esta muestra representa dos especies: Sphendononema guildingii (Newport, 1844) y Dendrothereua linceci (Wood, 1867), ambas especies con una amplia distribuci\ón en el Caribe y Am\érica tropical. La especie ampliamente introducida y sinantr\ópica de origen mediterr\áneo Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) nunca ha sido colectada en La Hispaniola. Los ciempi\és escutigeromorfos encontrados como f\ósiles en el \ámbar dominicano todav\ía no han sido apropiadamente estudiados e identificados.

}, keywords = {amber fossils, Caribbean, Caribe, centipedes, Chilopoda, ciempi{\'e}s, Dominican Republic, fauna, f{\'o}siles en {\'a}mbar, Haiti, Rep{\'u}blica Dominicana, Scutigeras, Scutigeromorpha}, issn = {2079-0139, 2071-9841}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.33800/nc.v0i6.105}, url = {https://novitatescaribaea.do/index.php/novitates/article/view/105}, author = {Perez-Gelabert, Daniel E. and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {1495, title = {Early myriapodous arthropods from Australia: Maldybulakia from the Devonian of New South Wales}, journal = {Records of the Australian Museum}, volume = {50}, year = {1998}, month = {25/11/1998}, pages = {293-313}, abstract = {

The myriapodous arthropod Maldybulakia Tesakov \& Alekseev, 1998, was first described from the Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian) in central Kazakhstan. The geographic and stratigraphic distributions of Maldybulakia are broadened by the discovery of Devonian species in Australia. The Lochkovian or Pragian Maldybulakia angusi n.sp. occurs in abundance in the Sugarloaf Creek Formation near Taemas, NSW. Maldybulakia malcolmi n.sp. occurs in late Givetian or early Frasnian strata of the Boyd Volcanic Complex near Eden, south coastal NSW. Two trunk tagmata are present in Maldybulakia. The strong tergal exoskeleton of posteriorly overlapping diplopleurotergites suggests closest affinities with Dignatha and, particularly, Kampecarida. Along with arthropleurids and kampecarids, Maldybulakia represents another major myriapod bodyplan in the mid-Palaeozoic. Although occurring in lacustrine and fluvial sediments, the associated flora, likely myriapod affinities, and presence of spiracles in Maldybulakia suggest terrestrial habits.

}, issn = {0067-1975}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.50.1998.1288}, url = {https://journals.australian.museum/edgecombe-1998-rec-aust-mus-503-293313/}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {1395, title = {Ancestral morphology of Ecdysozoa constrained by an early Cambrian stem group ecdysozoan}, journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {20}, year = {2020}, month = {23/11/2020}, pages = {1-18}, type = {Research article}, abstract = {

Background: Ecdysozoa are the moulting protostomes, including arthropods, tardigrades, and nematodes. Both the molecular and fossil records indicate that Ecdysozoa is an ancient group originating in the terminal Proterozoic, and exceptional fossil biotas show their dominance and diversity at the beginning of the Phanerozoic. However, the nature of the ecdysozoan common ancestor has been difficult to ascertain due to the extreme morphological diversity of extant Ecdysozoa, and the lack of early diverging taxa in ancient fossil biotas.

Results: Here we re-describe Acosmia maotiania from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota of Yunnan Province, China and assign it to stem group Ecdysozoa. Acosmia features a two-part body, with an anterior proboscis bearing a terminal mouth and muscular pharynx, and a posterior annulated trunk with a through gut. Morphological phylogenetic analyses of the protostomes using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, with coding informed by published experimental decay studies, each placed Acosmia as sister taxon to Cycloneuralia\ +\ Panarthropoda\—i.e. stem group Ecdysozoa. Ancestral state probabilities were calculated for key ecdysozoan nodes, in order to test characters inferred from fossils to be ancestral for Ecdysozoa. Results support an ancestor of crown group ecdysozoans sharing an annulated vermiform body with a terminal mouth like Acosmia, but also possessing the pharyngeal armature and circumoral structures characteristic of Cambrian cycloneuralians and lobopodians.

Conclusions: Acosmia is the first taxon placed in the ecdysozoan stem group and provides a constraint to test hypotheses on the early evolution of Ecdysozoa. Our study suggests acquisition of pharyngeal armature, and therefore a change in feeding strategy (e.g. predation), may have characterised the origin and radiation of crown group ecdysozoans from Acosmia-like ancestors.

}, keywords = {Cambrian, Cycloneuralia, Ecdysozoa, Palaeobiology, Panarthropoda, Phylogenetics}, issn = {1471-2148}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01720-6}, url = {https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-020-01720-6}, author = {Howard, Richard J. and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Shi, Xiaomei and Hou, Xianguang and Ma, Xiaoya} } @article {1374, title = {Spatial patterns of phylogenetic diversity and endemism in the Western Ghats, India: A case study using ancient predatory arthropods}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {11}, year = {2021}, month = {12/11/2021}, pages = {16499-16513}, abstract = {

The Western Ghats (WG) mountain chain in peninsular India is a global biodiversity hotspot, one in which patterns of phylogenetic diversity and endemism remain to be documented across taxa. We used a well-characterized community of ancient soil predatory arthropods from the WG to understand diversity gradients, identify hotspots of endemism and conservation importance, and highlight poorly studied areas with unique biodiversity. We compiled an occurrence dataset for 19 species of scolopendrid centipedes, which was used to predict areas of habitat suitability using bioclimatic and geomorphological variables in Maxent. We used predicted distributions and a time-calibrated species phylogeny to calculate taxonomic and phylogenetic indices of diversity, endemism, and turnover. We observed a decreasing latitudinal gradient in taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in the WG, which supports expectations from the latitudinal diversity gradient. The southern WG had the highest phylogenetic diversity and endemism, and was represented by lineages with long branch lengths as observed from relative phylogenetic diversity/endemism. These results indicate the persistence of lineages over evolutionary time in the southern WG and are consistent with predictions from the southern WG refuge hypothesis. The northern WG, despite having low phylogenetic diversity, had high values of phylogenetic endemism represented by distinct lineages as inferred from relative phylogenetic endemism. The distinct endemic lineages in this subregion might be adapted to life in lateritic plateaus characterized by poor soil conditions and high seasonality. Sites across an important biogeographic break, the Palghat Gap, broadly grouped separately in comparisons of species turnover along the WG. The southern WG and Nilgiris, adjoining the Palghat Gap, harbor unique centipede communities, where the causal role of climate or dispersal barriers in shaping diversity remains to be investigated. Our results highlight the need to use phylogeny and distribution data while assessing diversity and endemism patterns in the WG.

}, keywords = {biodiversity hotspots, centipedes, diversity gradients and endemism, peninsular India, species richness}, issn = {2045-7758}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8119}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.8119}, author = {Bharti, D. K. and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Karanth, K. Praveen and Joshi, Jahnavi} } @article {959, title = {Arthropod Origins: Integrating Paleontological and Molecular Evidence}, journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics}, volume = {51}, year = {2020}, month = {31/07/2020}, pages = {1-25}, abstract = {

Phylogenomics underpins a stable and mostly well-resolved hypothesis for the interrelationships of extant arthropods. Exceptionally preserved fossils are integrated into this framework by coding their morphological characters, as exemplified by total-evidence dating approaches that treat fossils as dated tips in analyses numerically dominated by molecular data. Cambrian fossils inform on the sequence of character acquisition in the arthropod stem group and in the stems of its main extant clades. The arthropod head problem incorporates unique appendage combinations and remains of the nervous system in fossils into a scheme mostly based on neuroanatomy and Hox expression domains for extant forms. Molecular estimates of arthropod origins in the Cryogenian or Ediacaran predate a coherent picture from the arthropod fossil record, which commences as trace fossils in the earliest Cambrian. Probabilistic morphological clock analysis of trilobites, which exemplify the earliest arthropod body fossils, supports a Cambrian origin, without the need to posit an unfossilized Ediacaran history.

}, keywords = {Cambrian, fossils, molecular dating, phylogenomics}, issn = {1543-592X}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-124437}, url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-124437}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {955, title = {The out-of-India hypothesis: evidence from an ancient centipede genus, Rhysida (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) from the Oriental Region, and systematics of Indian species}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {189}, year = {2019}, month = {16/12/2019}, pages = {828-861}, abstract = {

The Oriental Region has been a focus of biogeographical research for more than two centuries. We examined systematics and biogeography of the centipede genus Rhysida in this region. A robust species hypothesis for the Indian subcontinental and Southeast Asian Rhysida clade uses molecular, morphological and distribution data. Twelve species are recognized in two monophyletic species complexes, eight belonging to the Rhysida immarginata and four to the Rhysida longipes species complex. They include Rhysida aspinosa, Rhysida crassispina, R. immarginata, R. longipes and seven new species, five of which are formally named in this paper: Rhysida ikhalama, Rhysida konda, Rhysida lewisi, Rhysida pazhuthara and Rhysida sada. The nine Rhysida species are documented taxonomically and their morphological variation is reviewed. An integrative systematic approach reveals that diversity of Rhysida in the Indian subcontinent has been underestimated. Both species complexes started to diversify in the Early to Late Cretaceous in the Indian subcontinent. The out-of-India hypothesis is supported in both clades, because Southeast Asian species are nested in Indian subcontinental clades. Historical biogeographical analyses suggest two independent post-collision dispersal events, one in the immarginata clade and another where R. longipes expanded its range into Southeast Asia.

}, keywords = {biogeography, molecular phylogenetics, Scolopendridae}, issn = {0024-4082}, doi = {10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz138}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/189/3/828/5679552}, author = {Joshi, Jahnavi and Karanth, Praveen K. and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @inbook {954, title = {Arthropoda}, booktitle = {The Invertebrate Tree of Life}, year = {2020}, pages = {231-257}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, organization = {Princeton University Press}, chapter = {31}, address = {Princeton, NJ}, issn = {978-0-691-19706-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691197067-033}, url = {https://princetonup.degruyter.com/view/title/575378}, author = {Giribet, Gonzalo and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @book {952, title = {The Invertebrate Tree of Life}, year = {2020}, pages = {608}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, organization = {Princeton University Press}, address = {Princeton, NJ}, abstract = {

The most up-to-date book on invertebrates, providing a new framework for understanding their place in the tree of life

In The Invertebrate Tree of Life, Gonzalo Giribet and Gregory Edgecombe, leading authorities on invertebrate biology and paleontology, utilize phylogenetics to trace the evolution of animals from their origins in the Proterozoic to today. Phylogenetic relationships between and within the major animal groups are based on the latest molecular analyses, which are increasingly genomic in scale and draw on the soundest methods of tree reconstruction.

Giribet and Edgecombe evaluate the evolution of animal organ systems, exploring how current debates about phylogenetic relationships affect the ways in which aspects of invertebrate nervous systems, reproductive biology, and other key features are inferred to have developed. The authors review the systematics, natural history, anatomy, development, and fossil records of all major animal groups, employing seminal historical works and cutting-edge research in evolutionary developmental biology, genomics, and advanced imaging techniques. Overall, they provide a synthetic treatment of all animal phyla and discuss their relationships via an integrative approach to invertebrate systematics, anatomy, paleontology, and genomics.

With numerous detailed illustrations and phylogenetic trees, The Invertebrate Tree of Life is a must-have reference for biologists and anyone interested in invertebrates, and will be an ideal text for courses in invertebrate biology.

Published on 03/03/2020

}, issn = {978-0-691-19706-7}, doi = {10.1515/9780691197067}, url = {https://princetonup.degruyter.com/view/title/575378}, author = {Giribet, Gonzalo and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {850, title = {An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4825}, year = {2020}, month = {10/08/2020}, pages = {1-64}, abstract = {

The extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha are critically reviewed and provided with updated diagnoses and a new identification key; the most recent revisions of scolopendromorph genera are concisely summarised. Rhoda Meinert, 1886 and Cryptops (Chromatanops) Verhoeff, 1906 are suggested to be a junior synonyms of Scolopendropsis Brandt, 1841 and Cryptops (Cryptops) Leach, 1814, respectively. The subgeneric status is formally fixed for Cryptops (Paracryptops) Pocock, 1891 and Cormocephalus (Campylostigmus) Ribaut, 1923; the taxonomic status of the former genus Kanparka Waldock \& Edgecombe, 2012 is discussed. As a result of synonymies, the number of scolopendromorph genera and subgenera is currently 37. The formal status of the former tribes Scolopendrini Leach, 1814, Asanadini Verhoeff, 1907 and Arrhabdotini Attems, 1930 is briefly discussed; the presence of the sexual dimorphism among the taxa of generic level is overviewed.

}, keywords = {genera and subgenera, identification key, new statuses, new synonymy, Scolopendromorpha, taxonomic notes, updated diagnoses}, isbn = {978-1-77688-004-1}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4825.1.1}, url = {https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4825.1.1}, author = {Schileyko, Arkady A. and Vahtera, Varpu and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {817, title = {A new cave centipede from Croatia, Eupolybothrus liburnicus sp. n., with notes on the subgenus Schizopolybothrus Verhoeff, 1934 (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha, Lithobiidae)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {687}, year = {2017}, month = {01/08/2017}, pages = {11-43}, abstract = {

A new species of Eupolybothrus Verhoeff, 1907 discovered in caves of Velebit Mountain in Croatia is described. E. liburnicus sp. n. exhibits a few morphological differences from its most similar congeners, all of which are attributed to the subgenus Schizopolybothrus Verhoeff, 1934, and two approaches to species delimitation using the COI barcode region identify it as distinct from the closely allied E. cavernicolus Stoev \& Komeri{\v c}ki, 2013. E. spiniger (Latzel, 1888) is redescribed and a lectotype is designated for it as well as E. caesar (Verhoeff, 1899) to stabilize their respective taxonomic status. The subspecies E. acherontis wardaranus Verhoeff, 1937, previously suspected to be a synonym of E. caesar (Verhoeff, 1899), is redescribed and its taxonomy revised after the study of type material whereas the identity of E. acherontis (Verhoeff, 1900) described from a female from southwest Trebinje (Bosnia and Herzegovina) remains unknown. Type material of E. stygis (Folkmanova, 1940) is confirmed to be lost and future designation of neotypes from topotypic specimens is necessary to stabilize its taxonomy. The importance of setal arrangement on the intermediate and 14th tergites and the sexual modifications on the male 15th prefemur for species identification is discussed in the light of present findings, and a review of the species of E. (Schizopolybothrus) that display these traits is also provided.

}, isbn = {1313-2970}, url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/13844/}, author = {Akkari, Nesrine and Komeri{\v c}ki, Ana and Weigand, Alexander M. and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Stoev, Pavel} } @article {468, title = {Interaction of the tracheal tubules of Scutigera coleoptrata (Chilopoda, Notostigmophora) with glandular structures of the pericardial septum}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {510}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {233{\textendash}242}, issn = {1313-2970, 1313-2989}, url = {http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=5540}, author = {Hilken, Gero and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and M{\"u}ller, Carsten H.G. and Sombke, Andy and Wirkner, Christian S. and Rosenberg, J{\"o}rg} } @article {478, title = {Morphology and evolution of Myriapoda}, journal = {Arthropod Structure \& Development}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {3{\textendash}4}, issn = {14678039}, doi = {10.1016/j.asd.2013.12.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1467803913001059}, author = {Sombke, Andy and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {447, title = {The tracheal system of scutigeromorph centipedes and the evolution of respiratory systems of myriapods}, journal = {Arthropod Structure \& Development}, volume = {60}, year = {2020}, month = {26/11/2020}, pages = {1-14}, abstract = {

The tracheal system of scutigeromorph centipedes (Chilopoda) is special, as it consists of dorsally arranged unpaired spiracles. In this study, we investigate the tracheal systems of five different scutigeromorph species. They are strikingly similar to each other but depict unique characters compared to the tracheal systems of pleurostigmophoran centipedes, which has engendered an ongoing debate over a single versus independent origin of tracheal systems in Chilopoda. Up to now, only the respiratory system of Scutigera coleoptrata was investigated intensively using LM-, TEM-, and SEM-techniques. We supplement this with data for species from all three families of Scutigeromorpha. These reveal interspecific differences in atrial width and the shape and branching pattern of the tracheal tubules. Further, we investigated the tracheal system of Scutigera coleoptrata with three additional techniques: light sheet microscopy, microCT and synchrotron radiation based microCT analysis. This set of techniques allows a comparison between fresh versus fixed and dried material. The question of a unique vs. multiple origin of tracheal systems in centipedes and in Myriapoda as a whole is discussed with regard to their structural similarities and differences and the presence of hemocyanin as an oxygen carrier. We used morphological and molecular data and the fossil record to evaluate the alternative hypotheses.

}, keywords = {Chilopoda, Evolution, Notostigmophora, Terrestrialization, tracheal system}, issn = {1467-8039}, doi = {10.1016/j.asd.2020.101006}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1467803920301298}, author = {Hilken, Gero and Rosenberg, J{\"o}rg and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Bl{\"u}ml, Valentin and Hammel, J{\"o}rg U. and Hasenberg, Anja and Sombke, Andy} } @article {421, title = {Phylogeny of Lithobiidae Newport, 1844, with emphasis on the megadiverse genus Lithobius Leach, 1814 (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)}, journal = {Cladistics}, year = {2020}, month = {04/11/2020}, pages = {1-23}, abstract = {

Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular and morphological data were conducted to shed light on relationships within the mostly Palaearctic/Oriental centipede family Lithobiidae, with a particular focus on the Palaearctic genus Lithobius Leach, 1814 (Lithobiidae, Lithobiomorpha), which contains \>500 species and subspecies. Previous studies based on morphological data resolved Lithobius as nonmonophyletic, but molecular-based phylogenetic analyses have until now sampled few species. To elucidate species inter-relationships of the genus, test the validity of its classification into subgenera, and infer its relationships with other Lithobiidae, we obtained molecular data (nuclear markers: 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA; mitochondrial markers: 16S rRNA, COI) and 61 morphological characters for 44 species of Lithobius representing four of its eight subgenera and nine other representatives of Lithobiidae. The data were analyzed phylogenetically using maximum-likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian inference. This study suggests that (i) a close relationship between L. giganteus and the pterygotergine Disphaerobius loricatus highlighted in recent morphological analyses is also strongly supported by molecular data, and Pterygoterginae is formally synonymized with Lithobiinae; (ii) the Oriental/Australian genus Australobius is consistently resolved as sister group to all other sampled Lithobiidae by the molecular and combined data; (iii) the subfamily Ethopolyinae may be paraphyletic; (iv) the genus Lithobius is nonmonophyletic; (v) the subgenera Lithobius, Sigibius and Monotarsobius are nonmonophyletic and should not be used in future taxonomic studies; and (vi) there are instances of cryptic species and cases in which subspecies should be elevated to full species status, as identified for some European taxa within Lithobius.

}, issn = {0748-3007}, doi = {10.1111/cla.12431}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cla.12431}, author = {Ganske, Anne-Sarah and Vahtera, Varpu and D{\'a}nyi, L{\'a}szl{\'o} and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Akkari, Nesrine} } @article {414, title = {A troglobitic species of the centipede Cryptops (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha) from northwestern Botswana}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {977}, year = {2020}, month = {22/10/2020}, pages = {25-40}, abstract = {

A new species of Cryptops, C. (Cryptops) legagus sp. nov., occurs in caves in the Koanaka and Gcwihaba Hills in northwestern Botswana. Bayesian molecular phylogenetics using 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I corroborates a morphological assignment to the subgenus Cryptops and closest affinities to southern temperate species in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The new species is not conspicuously modified as a troglomorph.

}, keywords = {Biospeleology, Cryptopidae, molecular phylogenetics}, issn = {1313-2989}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.977.57088}, url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/57088/}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Akkari, Nesrine and Netherlands, Edward C. and Du Preez, Gerhard} } @article {405, title = {Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the centipede genus Ethmostigmus Pocock (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) from peninsular India}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {32}, year = {2018}, month = {04/12/2018}, pages = {1316-1335}, abstract = {

Integrative taxonomy assesses the congruence between different lines of evidence for delimiting species, such as morphological, molecular or ecological data. Herein molecular phylogenetics is used to test monophyly and determine the phylogenetic position of the Old World tropical centipede genus Ethmostigmus Pocock, 1898, and to define species boundaries for Ethmostigmus in peninsular India. A phylogeny of the family Scolopendridae based on DNA sequence data for three markers from 427 specimens sampling in all major lineages (144 individuals generated in this study) recovers Ethmostigmus as a monophyletic group, but relationships among the genera in its subfamily Otostigminae are poorly supported. Two species delimitation methods for DNA sequence data and phylogeny are integrated with morphology and geographic data to propose a well-supported species hypothesis for Ethmostigmus on the peninsular Indian plate. Five species of Ethmostigmus are recognised in peninsular India, of which E. coonooranus Chamberlin, 1920 and three new species, namely, E. agasthyamalaiensis, sp. nov., E. sahyadrensis, sp. nov. and E. praveeni, sp. nov., occur in the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot. The lesser-known Eastern Ghats harbour one species, E. tristis (Meinert, 1886), which has been nearly unreported for 130 years. This study highlights the value of an integrative approach to systematics, especially in underexplored, high biodiversity regions and where morphological variation is limited among closely related species.

}, keywords = {Eastern Ghats, integrative taxonomy, Scolopendridae, species delimitation, Western Ghats}, issn = {1445-5226}, doi = {10.1071/IS18030}, url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS18030}, author = {Joshi, Jahnavi and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {300, title = {Aquatic stem group myriapods close a gap between molecular divergence dates and the terrestrial fossil record}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {117}, year = {2020}, month = {06/04/2020}, pages = {8966 - 8972}, abstract = {

Identifying marine or freshwater fossils that belong to the stem groups of the major terrestrial arthropod radiations is a longstanding challenge. Molecular dating and fossils of their pancrustacean sister group predict that myriapods originated in the Cambrian, much earlier than their oldest known fossils, but uncertainty about stem group Myriapoda confounds efforts to resolve the timing of the group\’s terrestrialization. Among a small set of candidates for membership in the stem group of Myriapoda, the Cambrian to Triassic euthycarcinoids have repeatedly been singled out. The only known Devonian euthycarcinoid, Heterocrania rhyniensis from the Rhynie and Windyfield cherts hot spring complex in Scotland, reveals details of head structures that constrain the evolutionary position of euthycarcinoids. The head capsule houses an anterior cuticular tentorium, a feature uniquely shared by myriapods and hexapods. Confocal microscopy recovers myriapod-like characters of the preoral chamber, such as a prominent hypopharynx supported by tentorial bars and superlinguae between the mandibles and hypopharynx, reinforcing an alliance between euthycarcinoids and myriapods recovered in recent phylogenetic analysis. The Cambrian occurrence of the earliest euthycarcinoids supplies the oldest compelling evidence for an aquatic stem group for either Myriapoda or Hexapoda, previously a lacuna in the body fossil record of these otherwise terrestrial lineages until the Silurian and Devonian, respectively. The trace fossil record of euthycarcinoids in the Cambrian and Ordovician reveals amphibious locomotion in tidal environments and fills a gap between molecular estimates for myriapod origins in the Cambrian and a post-Ordovician crown group fossil record.

}, keywords = {Arthropoda, euthycarcinoid, molecular dating, Myriapoda, Terrestrialization}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1920733117}, url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1920733117}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Strullu-Derrien, Christine and G{\'o}ral, Tomasz and Hetherington, Alexander J. and Thompson, Christine and Koch, Markus} } @article {222, title = {Molecular phylogeny of Australasian anopsobiine centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha)}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {18}, year = {2004}, month = {18/06/2004}, pages = {235-249}, abstract = {

Species assigned to the anopsobiine centipede genera Anopsobius Silvestri, 1899, and Dichelobius Attems, 1911, are widely distributed on fragments of the Gondwanan supercontinent, including temperate and tropical Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Cape region of South Africa, and southern South America. Phylogenetic relationships between Australasian and other Gondwanan Anopsobiinae are inferred based on parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses (via direct optimisation) of sequence data for five markers: nuclear ribosomal 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA, mitochondrial ribosomal 12S rRNA and 16S RNA, and the mitochondrial protein-coding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. New molecular data are added for Anopsobius from South Africa and New Zealand, Dichelobius from New Caledonia, and a new species from Queensland, Australia, Dichelobius etnaensis, sp. nov. The new species is based on distinctive morphological and molecular data. The molecular phylogenies indicate that antennal segmentation in the Anopsobiinae is a more reliable taxonomic character than is spiracle distribution. The former character divides the Gondwanan clade into a 17-segmented group (Dichelobius) and a 15-segmented group (Anopsobius). Confinement of the spiracles to segments 3, 10 and 12 has at least two origins in the Gondwanan clade. The area cladogram for Dichelobius (Queensland (Western Australia + New Caledonia)) suggests a relictual distribution pruned by extinction.

}, keywords = {Anopsobiinae, antennal segmentation, biogeography, direct optimisation, Henicopidae, molecular phylogeny, POY}, issn = {1445-5226}, doi = {10.1071/IS03033}, url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS03033}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @article {221, title = {A new species of the henicopid centipede Dichelobius (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) from southeastern Australia and Lord Howe Island}, journal = {Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales}, volume = {125}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {189-203}, abstract = {

The genus Dichelobius Attems, 1911, based on D. flavens Attems, 1911, from the southwest of Western Australia, has its only other previously assigned species in New Caledonia and Chile. The Tasmanian type species of the monotypic Tasmanobius Chamberlin, 1920, is regarded as a member of Dichelobius. Dichelobius giribeti n. sp. represents the genus in eastern mainland Australia (southeastern New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, and northeastern Victoria) and on Lord Howe Island. Dichelobius bicuspis Ribaut, 1923, is widely distributed in New Caledonia.

}, keywords = {Anopsobiinae, Chilopoda, Dichelobius, Henicopidae, Lithobiomorpha}, issn = {1839-7263}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42098528}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {219, title = {Resolving the phylogenetic position of enigmatic New Guinea and Seychelles Scutigeromorpha (Chilopoda): a molecular and morphological assessment of Ballonemini}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {24}, year = {2011}, month = {29/04/2011}, pages = {539-559}, abstract = {

Recent phylogenetic analyses of scutigeromorph centipedes omitted New Guinea endemics for lack of modern data, either from morphology or molecular sequences. Among these is the tribe Ballonemini, originally established for Ballonema Verhoeff, 1904, and Parascutigera Verhoeff, 1904, based on similar tergal prominences. Subsequent systematic revision led to their separation into different subfamilies. Combined analyses of morphology and sequence data including Ballonema gracilipes Verhoeff, 1904, resolve Ballonema either in a grade of Scutigerinae or as sister to all other Scutigerinae\ +\ Thereuoneminae. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the types of B. gracilipes demonstrates the utility of this technique for non-destructive imaging of historical museum material at a resolution comparable to scanning electron microscopy. A possible record of Ballonema in the Seychelles is dismissed; a collection from Silhouette samples a member of Thereuoneminae described as Seychellonema gerlachi, gen. nov. sp. nov. Morphological data, analysed with sequence data for other Scutigeromorpha, ally Seychellonema with the Oriental\–Australian genus Thereuopoda Verhoeff, 1904, but it displays a novel patterning of its tergal spinula and tarsal papillae. The phylogenetic analyses include sequence data for African Pselliodidae, corroborating a sister group relationship to remaining Scutigeromorpha and generating a more stable result than in earlier analyses using only Neotropical species.

}, keywords = {Ballonema gracilipes, CLSM, Scutigeridae, Sphendononema, Thereuoneminae}, issn = {1445-5226}, doi = {10.1071/IS10037}, url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS10037}, author = {Butler, Aodh{\'a}n D. and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Ball, Alexander D. and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @article {218, title = {A New Zealand species of the trans-Tasman centipede order Craterostigmomorpha (Arthropoda: Chilopoda) corroborated by molecular evidence}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {22}, year = {2008}, month = {18/03/2008}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {

Craterostigmus tasmanianus Pocock, 1902, is the sole species in the centipede order Craterostigmomorpha and the focus of much phylogenetic research in Chilopoda. Originally named from Tasmania, Craterostigmus from New Zealand was first considered conspecific with Tasmanian samples based on external morphology, though recent anatomical studies have argued for a deep divergence between New Zealand and Tasmanian Craterostigmus, and a high-ranking taxonomic separation has been advocated. Unambiguous diagnostic nucleotide characters in nuclear ribosomal 18S and 28S rRNA genes as well as in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, together with the significantly smaller size of New Zealand individuals, the arrangement of supernumerary Malpighian tubules, and patterns in leg spinosity, permit distinction of a New Zealand species, Craterostigmus crabilli, sp. nov. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of four markers (the aforementioned markers plus cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) suggests differentiation of C. tasmanianus from the New Zealand specimens. Combination of the nuclear ribosomal genes and mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI sequences retrieves a geographic pattern within C. crabilli, sp. nov. in which geographic proximity is decoupled from closest affinities, although the 16S rRNA dataset alone shows more geographic structure. The genetic pattern observed, where among species diversity (for both mitochondrial markers) is equivalent to, or greater than, the within species diversity, is not consistent with a recent long-distance dispersal event, and a relictual Gondwanan distribution is the most plausible alternative.

}, keywords = {biogeography, Craterostigmus, Gondwana, molecular diagnosis, Tasmantia, Zealandia}, issn = {1445-5226}, doi = {10.1071/IS07036}, url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS07036}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @article {217, title = {A new blind Lamyctes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) from Tasmania with an analysis of molecular sequence data for the Lamyctes-Henicops Group}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {152}, year = {2003}, month = {05/03/2003}, pages = {1-23}, abstract = {

The cosmopolitan, parthenogenetic centipede Lamyctes coeculus (Br\ölemann, 1889), type species of Lamyctinus Silvestri, 1909, occurs in New South Wales and Lord Howe Island, Australia, the former genetically identical to specimens from Tucum\án, Argentina. Parsimony analysis of complete sequences of 18S rRNA and fragments of 28S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I for the Lamyctes-Henicops group suggests that loss of ocelli in Lamyctes coeculus has an independent origin from blindness in Lamyctes hellyeri n. sp. from northern Tasmania. Lamyctinus is nested within Lamyctes Meinert, 1868, its senior synonym. Lamyctes hellyeri is known exclusively from females in gardens, and is probably introduced to Tasmania.

}, keywords = {Chilopoda, Henicopidae, Lamyctes, Lamyctes hellyeri, Lamyctinus, Lithobiomorpha, molecular data, Taxonomy}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.152.110.11646/zootaxa.152.1.1}, url = {https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.152.1.1}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @article {211, title = {A Tube-Dwelling Early Cambrian Lobopodian}, journal = {Current Biology}, volume = {30}, year = {2020}, month = {27/02/2020}, pages = {1529{\textendash}1536}, abstract = {

Facivermis yunnanicus [1, 2] is an enigmatic worm-like animal from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota of Yunnan Province, China. It is a small (\<10 cm) bilaterian with five pairs of spiny anterior arms, an elongated body, and a swollen posterior end. The unusual morphology of Facivermis has prompted a history of diverse taxonomic interpretations, including among annelids [1, 3], lophophorates [4], and pentastomids [5]. However, in other studies, Facivermis is considered to be more similar to lobopodians [2, 6, 7, 8]\—the fossil grade from which modern panarthropods (arthropods, onychophorans, and tardigrades) are derived. In these studies, Facivermis is thought to be intermediate between cycloneuralian worms and lobopodians. Facivermis has therefore been suggested to represent an early endobenthic-epibenthic panarthropod transition [6] and to provide crucial insights into the origin of paired appendages [2]. However, the systematic affinity of Facivermis was poorly supported in a previous phylogeny [6], partially due to incomplete understanding of its morphology. Therefore, the evolutionary significance of Facivermis remains unresolved. In this study, we re-examine Facivermis from new material and the holotype, leading to the discovery of several new morphological features, such as paired eyes on the head and a dwelling tube. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses using parsimony, Bayesian inference, and maximum likelihood all support Facivermis as a luolishaniid in a derived position within the onychophoran stem group rather than as a basal panarthropod. In contrast to previous studies, we therefore conclude that Facivermis provides a rare early Cambrian example of secondary loss to accommodate a highly specialized tube-dwelling lifestyle.

}, keywords = {Cambrian, Chengjiang Biota, Facivermis yunnanicus, lobopodian, luolishaniid, panarthropod, phylogenetic analyses, secondary loss, tube-dwelling lifestyle}, issn = {0960-9822}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.075}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982220301196}, author = {Howard, Richard J. and Hou, Xianguang and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Salge, Tobias and Shi, Xiaomei and Ma, Xiaoya} } @article {195, title = {A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {69}, year = {2010}, month = {18/11/2010}, pages = {17-51}, abstract = {

A common terminology for the external morphological characters of centipedes (Chilopoda) is proposed. Terms are selected from the alternatives used in the English literature, preferring those most frequently used or those that have been introduced explicitly. A total of 330 terms are defined and illustrated, and another ca. 500 alternatives are listed.

}, keywords = {Chilopoda, morphology, terminology}, issn = {1313-2989}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.69.737}, url = {http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=2466}, author = {Bonato, Lucio and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Lewis, John G. E. and Minelli, Alessandro and Pereira, Luis A. and Shelley, Rowland M. and Marzio Zapparoli} } @article {95, title = {ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda).}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

\&$\#$39;ChiloBase\&$\#$39; is intended to be a catalogue of all known centipedes (Chilopoda) of the world. It is an electronic database, publicly and freely available through the World Wide Web (http://chilobase.biologia.unipd.it/). Based on a nomenclator of all genus- and species-level names, it is intended to offer, as far as possible, a consistent, updated taxonomic system for the Chilopoda. In a searchable web-based format, it aims to be a user-friendly reference database for faunistic, ecological and medical research, as well as to stimulate further taxonomic research. This catalogue is the product of a project developed under the umbrella of GBIF.

}, keywords = {Chilopoda}, url = {https://chilobase.biologia.unipd.it}, author = {Bonato, Lucio and Chagas-Jr., Amazonas and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Lewis, John G. E. and Minelli, Alessandro and Pereira, Luis Alberto and Shelley, Rowland M. and Stoev, Pavel and Marzio Zapparoli} } @article {65, title = {Carboniferous Onychophora from Montceau-les-Mines, France, and onychophoran terrestrialization}, journal = {Invertebrate Biology}, volume = {135}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-09-2016}, pages = {179 - 190}, abstract = {

The geological age of the onychophoran crown-group, and when the group came onto land, have been sources of debate. Although stem-group Onychophora have been identified from as early as the Cambrian, the sparse record of terrestrial taxa from before the Cretaceous is subject to contradictory interpretations. A Late Carboniferous species from the Mazon Creek biota of the USA, Helenodora inopinata, originally interpreted as a crown-group onychophoran, has recently been allied to early Cambrian stem-group taxa. Here we describe a fossil species from the Late Carboniferous Montceau-les-Mines Lagerst\ätte, France, informally referred to as an onychophoran for more than 30 years. The onychophoran affinities of Antennipatus montceauensis gen. nov., sp. nov. are indicated by the form of the trunk plicae and the shape and spacing of their papillae, details of antennal annuli, and the presence of putative slime papillae. The poor preservation of several key systematic characters for extant Onychophora, however, prohibits the precise placement of the Carboniferous fossil in the stem or crown of the two extant families, or the onychophoran stem-group as a whole. Nevertheless, A. montceauensis is the most compelling candidate to date for a terrestrial Paleozoic onychophoran.

}, keywords = {Antennipatus montceauensis gen. nov. sp. nov., Carboniferous, Ecdysozoa, fossils, Onychophora, Terrestrialization, velvet worms}, issn = {1744-7410}, doi = {10.1111/ivb.12130}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ivb.12130}, author = {Garwood, Russell J. and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Charbonnier, Sylvain and Chabard, Dominique and Sotty, Daniel and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @article {64, title = {Evaluating Topological Conflict in Centipede Phylogeny Using Transcriptomic Data Sets}, journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution}, volume = {31}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {1500 - 1513}, abstract = {

Relationships between the five extant orders of centipedes have been considered solved based on morphology. Phylogenies based on samples of up to a few dozen genes have largely been congruent with the morphological tree apart from an alternative placement of one order, the relictual Craterostigmomorpha, consisting of two species in Tasmania and New Zealand. To address this incongruence, novel transcriptomic data were generated to sample all five orders of centipedes and also used as a test case for studying gene-tree incongruence. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian mixture model analyses of a data set composed of 1,934 orthologs with 45\% missing data, as well as the 389 orthologs in the least saturated, stationary quartile, retrieve strong support for a sister-group relationship between Craterostigmomorpha and all other pleurostigmophoran centipedes, of which the latter group is newly named Amalpighiata. The Amalpighiata hypothesis, which shows little gene-tree incongruence and is robust to the influence of among-taxon compositional heterogeneity, implies convergent evolution in several morphological and behavioral characters traditionally used in centipede phylogenetics, such as maternal brood care, but accords with patterns of first appearances in the fossil record.

}, keywords = {Chilopoda, Illumina, incongruence, molecular dating, Myriapoda, next-generation sequencing, phylogenomics}, isbn = {0737-4038}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu108}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez, Rosa and Laumer, Christopher E. and Vahtera, Varpu and Libro, Silvia and Kaluziak, Stefan and Sharma, Prashant P. and P{\'e}rez-Porro, Alicia R. and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @booklet {51, title = {Phylogenetics of scolopendromorph centipedes: Can denser taxon sampling improve an artificial classification?}, howpublished = {Invertebrate SystematicsInvertebrate Systematics}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Previous phylogenetic analyses of the centipede order Scolopendromorpha indicated a fundamental division into blind and ocellate clades. These analyses corroborated the monophyly of most families and tribes but suggested that several species-rich, cosmopolitan genera in traditional and current classifications are polyphyletic. Denser taxon sampling is applied to a dataset of 122 morphological characters and sequences for four nuclear and mitochondrial loci. Phylogenetic analyses including 98 species and subspecies of Scolopendromorpha employ parsimony under dynamic and static homology schemes as well as maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference of multiple sequence alignments. The monotypic Australian genera Notiasemus and Kanparka nest within Cormocephalus and Scolopendra, respectively, and the New Caledonian Campylostigmus is likewise a clade within Cormocephalus. New World Scolopendra are more closely related to Hemiscolopendra and Arthrorhabdus than to Scolopendra s.s., which is instead closely allied to Asanada; the tribe Asanadini nests within Scolopendrini for molecular and combined datasets. The generic classification of Otostigmini has a poor fit to phylogenetic relationships, although nodal support within this tribe is weak. New synonymies are proposed for Ectonocryptopinae Shelley \& Mercurio, 2005 (<= Newportiinae Pocock, 1896), Asanadini Verhoeff, 1907 (<= Scolopendrini Leach, 1814), and Kanparka Waldock \& Edgecombe, 2012 (<= Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758). Scolopendrid systematics largely depicts incongruence between phylogeny and classification rather than between morphology and molecules. {\textcopyright} 2013 CSIRO.}, keywords = {Chilopoda, molecules, morphology, phylogeny, Scolopendromorpha.}, author = {Vahtera, Varpu and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @booklet {56, title = {Species limits and phylogeography of Newportia (Scolopendromorpha) and implications for widespread morphospecies}, howpublished = {ZooKeysZooKeys}, volume = {2015}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

The genus Newportia Gervais, 1847, includes some 60 nominal species distributed in the Caribbean islands and from Mexico to central South America. Modern keys to species and subspecies are available, greatly fa\­cilitating identification, but some species are based on few specimens and have incomplete documentation of taxonomically-informative characters. In order to explore genetic variability and evolutionary relationships within geographically-widespread morphospecies, specimens of N. (N.) stolli (Pocock, 1896) and N. (N.) divergens Chamberlin, 1922, two nominal species distinguished principally by differences in suture patterns on T1, were sequenced for mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes from populations in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Brazil. N. (N.) stolli is paraphyletic with respect to N. (N.) divergens within a clade from Guatemala, Honduras, and Chiapas (Mexico), most trees being consistent with a single loss of a connection between the anterior transverse suture on T1, whereas specimens of \“N. (N.) stolli\” from Brazil are not closely allied to those from the Mesomerican type area. The widespread morphospecies N. (N.) monticola Pocock, 1890, was sequenced for the same loci from populations in Costa Rica, Colombia and Brazil, finding that specimens from these areas do not unite as a monophyletic group. Samples of N. (N.) oreina Chamberlin, 1915, from different regions of Mexico form geographic clusters that resolve as each other\’s closest relatives. These results suggest that some widespread species of Newportia maybe taxa of convenience more so than natural groupings. In several cases geographic proximity fits the phylog\­eny better than taxonomy, suggesting that non-monophyletic species do not result from use of inappropriate molecular markers. Molecular identification is possible for specimens missing taxonomically informative morphological characters, notably damaged specimens that lack the ultimate leg pair, a protocol that may also apply to other taxonomically difficult genera that are prone to damage (such as Cryptops).

}, keywords = {Neotropics, Newportiinae, phylogeny, Scolopocryptopidae}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Vahtera, Varpu and Giribet, Gonzalo and Kaunisto, Pipsa} } @article {48, title = {A scolopocryptopid centipede (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) from Mexican amber: Synchrotron microtomography and phylogenetic placement using a combined morphological and molecular data set}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {166}, year = {2012}, month = { 26/11/2012}, pages = {768-786}, abstract = {

The first scolopocryptopid centipede known from the fossil record is a specimen of the subfamily Scolopocryptopinae in Miocene amber from Chiapas, southern Mexico. It is described here as Scolopocryptops simojovelensis sp. nov., displaying a distinct combination of morphological characters compared to extant congeners. Anatomical details of the fossil specimen were acquired by non-invasive 3D synchrotron microtomography using X-ray phase contrast. The phylogenetic position of the new species is inferred based on a combination of morphological data with sequences for six genes (nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA, nuclear protein-coding histone H3, and mitochondrial 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and protein-coding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) for extant Scolopendromorpha. The data set includes eight extant species of Scolopocryptops and Dinocryptops from North America, east Asia, and the Pacific, rooted with novel sequence data for other blind scolopendromorphs. The molecular and combined data sets, analysed in a parsimony/direct optimization framework, identified a stable pattern of two main clades within Scolopocryptopinae. North American and Asian species of Scolopocryptops are united as a clade supported by both morphological and molecular characters. Its sister group is a Neotropical clade in which the type species of Dinocryptops is nested within a paraphyletic assemblage of Scolopocryptops species; Dinocryptops is placed in synonymy with Scolopocryptops. The strength of support for the relationships of extant taxa from the molecular data allow the Chiapas fossil to be assigned with precision, despite ambiguity in the morphological data; the fossil is resolved as sister species to the extant Laurasian clade.

}, keywords = {Chiapas amber, Miocene, Scolopocryptopidae, Scolopocryptops}, issn = {0024-4082}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00860.x}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/166/4/768/2627050}, author = {Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Vahtera, Varpu and Stock, Stuart R. and Kallonen, Aki and Xiao, Xianghui and Rack, Alexander and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @article {55, title = {First molecular data and the phylogenetic position of the millipede-like centipede Edentistoma octosulcatum T{\"o}m{\"o}sv{\'a}ry, 1882 (chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, month = {12/11/2014}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Edentistoma octosulcatum Tomosvary, 1882, is a rare, superficially millipede-like centipede known only from Borneo and the Philippines. It is unique within the order Scolopendromorpha for its slow gait, robust tergites, and highly modified gizzard and mandible morphology. Not much is known about the biology of the species but it has been speculated to be arboreal with a possibly vegetarian diet. Until now its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Otostigminae has been based only on morphological characters, being variably ranked as a monotypic tribe (Arrhabdotini) or classified with the Southeast Asian genus Sterropristes Attems, 1934. The first molecular data for E. octosulcatum sourced from a newly collected specimen from Sarawak were analysed with and without morphology. Parsimony analysis of 122 morphological characters together with two nuclear and two mitochondrial loci resolves Edentistoma as sister group to three Indo-Australian species of Rhysida, this clade in turn grouping with Ethmostigmus, whereas maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of the molecular data on their own ally Edentistoma with species of Otostigmus. A position of Edentistoma within Otostigmini (rather than being its sister group as predicted by the Arrhabdotini hypothesis) is consistently retrieved under different analytical conditions, but support values within the subfamily remain low for most nodes. The species exhibits strong pushing behaviour, suggestive of burrowing habits. Evidence against a suggested vegetarian diet is provided by observation of E. octosulcatum feeding on millipedes in the genus Trachelomegalus.

}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112461}, url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112461}, author = {Vahtera, Varpu and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {50, title = {Spiracle structure in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) and its contribution to phylogenetics}, journal = {Zoomorphology}, volume = {131}, year = {2012}, month = {28/04/2012}, pages = {225-248}, type = {Original Paper}, abstract = {

The spiracles of scolopendromorph centipedes have long been a source of systematic characters based on their segmental distribution and gross morphology, but microscopic investigations to date have documented only a small number of species. A scanning electron microscopic survey of 34 species that samples the major groups of Scolopendromorpha reveals variability in such features as the structure of the peritremal margin, specific kinds of sensilla and glandular pores on the peritrema, projections on the valves that subdivide the atrium (in Scolopendrinae), and the form of the trichomes around the tracheal openings. Adding new characters from the spiracles to recent morphological datasets for phylogenetic inference reinforces the monophyly of major groups of Scolopendridae and is particularly informative for relationships within Scolopendrini. A bowl-like atrium with the tracheae opening between humps in its floor is more widespread in Scolopendromorpha than previously reported. Shared presence of spiracle muscles in Cryptopidae and Scolopendrinae may reflect convergent evolution of a subatrial cavity in these groups rather than being an apomorphic character for Scolopendromorpha as a whole.

}, keywords = {Cladistics, phylogeny, Scanning electron microscopy, Spiracles}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-012-0157-0}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00435-012-0157-0}, author = {Vahtera, Varpu and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @article {53, title = {Evolution of blindness in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): Insight from an expanded sampling of molecular data}, journal = {Cladistics}, volume = {28}, year = {2011}, month = {24/05/2011}, pages = {4-20}, abstract = {

Relative to its diversity (34 genera, 700 species), Scolopendromorpha has been undersampled in molecular phylogenetic analyses compared with the other chilopod orders. Previous analyses based on morphology have not resolved several key controversies in systematics and evolutionary morphology unambiguously. Here we apply new molecular and morphological data to scolopendromorph phylogenetics, with a focus on the evolution of blindness. The taxonomic sample includes 19 genera, many lacking previous molecular data, and diverse, cosmopolitan genera of Scolopendridae are sampled by multiple species. Phylogenetic analysis with Direct Optimization used 94 morphological characters and ca. 4.5kb of sequence data from two nuclear (18S and 28S rRNA) and two mitochondrial (16S rRNA and COI) loci. A single most-parsimonious cladogram selected after sensitivity analyses resolves Scolopendromorpha as monophyletic, and divides it into a blind clade of three families (Plutoniumidae, Cryptopidae, Scolopocryptopidae) and its ocellate sister group, Scolopendridae. Some species-rich, cosmopolitan genera (Cormocephalus, Otostigmus, Scolopendra) in Scolopendridae are non-monophyletic, and in several instances (e.g. New and Old World Scolopendra) relationships are more congruent with geographical distributions than with traditional classifications. The tribe Asanadini is particularly subject to parameter-sensitivity, nesting in the combined analysis within Scolopendrini but as sister to all other Scolopendrinae for molecular data alone. The total-evidence tree unambiguously optimizes trunk segmentation: a 23-segmented trunk has a single origin in the blind clade.

Publication date remark: The publication date in Myriatrix is Wiley\&$\#$39;s \"first published\" date of 24/05/2011 and not the issue publication date of 02/2012.

}, issn = {1096-0031}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x}, author = {Vahtera, Varpu and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Giribet, Gonzalo} }