@inbook {1871, title = {Classe I. Diplopodes}, booktitle = {Histoire naturelle des insectes. Apt{\`e}res.}, volume = {4}, year = {1847}, pages = {58-209}, publisher = {Imprimerie de Fain et Thunot}, organization = {Imprimerie de Fain et Thunot}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Gervais, P. (1847): Classe I. Diplopodes. 58-209. In: Walckenaer, O. A. Baron de and P. Gervais. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Apt\ères. Tome Quatri\ème. Imprimerie de Fain et Thunot, Paris, xvi + 623 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51999414

}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51999414}, author = {Gervais, Paul} } @article {1784, title = {Redescription of the giant Southeast Asian millipede Spirobolus macrurus Pocock, 1893 and its assignment to the new genus Macrurobolus gen. nov. (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1087}, year = {2022}, month = {22/02/2022}, pages = {1-18}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

A new genus of the millipede family Pachybolidae from Southeast Asia is described: Macrurobolus gen. nov., with Spirobolus macrurus Pocock, 1893 as type species. This latter species is DNA barcoded (COI) and redescribed based on male morphological characters, which hitherto were unknown. The new genus differs from other pachybolid genera by having (1) the preanal ring process long and protruding beyond the anal valves and (2) the anterior gonopod telopodite distally abruptly narrowed, forming an extremely long, slender, elevated process curved caudad. Given that Macrurobolus gen. nov. is a monotypic genus, it is aphyletic and thus requires further taxonomic revision.

}, keywords = {Aphyly, Myanmar, Taxonomy, Thailand}, issn = {1313-2970, 1313-2989}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1087.71280}, url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/71280/}, author = {Pimvichai, Piyatida and Enghoff, Henrik and Backeljau, Thierry} } @article {1783, title = {Combining mitochondrial DNA and morphological data to delineate four new millipede species and provisional assignment to the genus Apeuthes Hoffman \& Keeton (Diplopoda : Spirobolida : Pachybolidae : Trigoniulinae)}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {36}, year = {2022}, month = {16/02/2022}, pages = {91-112}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Hitherto, the millipede genus Apeuthes (family Pachybolidae, subfamily Trigoniulinae) was only known from three species described in Vietnam based on morphological characters. The present study uses two partial mitochondrial gene fragments (cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA) and morphology to define four new Apeuthes species from Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam: A. fimbriatus, sp. nov., A. longeligulatus, sp. nov., A. pollex, sp. nov. and ?A. spininavis, sp. nov. The intraspecific COI sequence divergence of two Apeuthes species is 3\–7\% (mean: 5\%) and the interspecific divergence of five species is 11\–16\% (mean: 13.7\%). All members of the genus share unique male characters, viz the posterior gonopod telopodite with several dentate, serrate or tuberculate lamellae in a boat-like cavity or a boat-like cavity covered with spines. The delimitation of the four new species is supported by the congruence between mitochondrial DNA and morphological data. However, while the monophyly of Trigoniulinae is well supported, the relationships within this subfamily, and particularly among Apeuthes species, including the monophyly of Apeuthes, lack strong support. Therefore assignment of the four new species, and particularly of ?A. spininavis sp. nov., to the genus Apeuthes is tentative and awaits a comprehensive revision of the group.

}, keywords = {DNA barcoding, Malaysia, mitochondrial DNA, monotypic genera, phylogeny, species delineation, Thailand, Trigoniulinae, Vietnam}, issn = {1447-2600, 1445-5226}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/IS21038}, url = {https://www.publish.csiro.au/IS/IS21038}, author = {Pimvichai, Piyatida and Panha, Somsak and Backeljau, Thierry} } @article {1782, title = {Morphological and mitochondrial DNA data reshuffle the taxonomy of the genera Atopochetus Attems, Litostrophus Chamberlin and Tonkinbolus Verhoeff (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Pachybolidae), with descriptions of nine new species}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {32}, year = {2018}, month = {01/02/2018}, pages = {159-195}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Species-level taxonomy and phylogeny of two genera of South-East (SE) Asian pachybolid millipedes are analysed with a combination of morphological characters and DNA sequences (two mitochondrial gene fragments: COI and 16S rRNA). Strong support is found for the genera Litostrophus Chamberlin, 1921 and Atopochetus Attems, 1953 and for a clade consisting of Litostrophus + Atopochetus. Four species of Litostrophus are recognised and (re)described: L. segregatus Chamberlin, 1921 (type species of the genus), L. scaber (Verhoeff, 1938), comb. nov., L. chamaeleon, sp. nov. and L. saraburensis, sp. nov. The genus Tonkinbolus Verhoeff, 1938 (type species T. scaber Verhoeff, 1938) is synonymised under Litostrophus. Atopochetus (type species A. rubropunctatus Attems, 1953), hitherto considered a dubious synonym of Aulacobolus Pocock, 1903, is re-instated for several species until now placed in Tonkinbolus and seven new species. All in all, 10 species of Atopochetus are (re)described: A. dollfusii (Pocock, 1893) (= Aulacobolus rubropunctatus Attems, 1938, syn. nov.), A. moulmeinensis (Pocock, 1893), A. sumatranus (Carl, 1906) (= Trachelomegalus laciniatus Attems, 1937, syn. nov.), A. anaticeps, sp. nov., A. helix, sp. nov., A. setiferus, sp. nov., A. spinimargo, sp. nov., A. truncatus, sp. nov., A. uncinatus, sp. nov. and A. weseneri, sp. nov. Three species recently included in Tonkinbolus are left incertae sedis because they are based exclusively on female type specimens: Spirobolus capucinus Porat, 1896, S. caudulanus Karsch, 1881 and S. macrurus Pocock, 1893. The results of the DNA analysis (COI and 16S rRNA) are congruent with morphological (gonopodal) characters in terms of delimitation of species of Litostrophus and Atopochetus. This is the first DNA study of SE Asian Pachybolidae and as such it provides a basis for further evolutionary and biogeographic studies of SE Asian millipedes.

}, keywords = {mitochondrial DNA, new species, phylogeny, South-East Asia, species delimitation}, issn = {1445-5226}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17052}, url = {https://www.publish.csiro.au/is/IS17052}, author = {Pimvichai, Piyatida and Enghoff, Henrik and Panha, Somsak and Backeljau, Thierry} } @article {1509, title = {Millipedes and centipedes in German greenhouses (Myriapoda: Diplopoda, Chilopoda)}, journal = {Biodiversity Data Journal}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {11/04/2014}, pages = {1-43}, abstract = {

A review is given of all the literature records of millipedes and centipedes that have been found in German greenhouses together with additional records for 29 such sites. Species lists are given for 46 greenhouses investigated throughout Germany. Thirty-five diplopod and 18 chilopod species were found to occur in greenhouses, of which 15 (3 Chilopoda, 12 Diplopoda) are restricted to this type of habitat. First records for Germany include Anadenobolus monilicornis (Porat, 1876), Epinannolene cf. trinidadensis Chamberlin, 1918, Epinannolene sp., Mesoiulus gridellii Strasser, 1934, Leptogoniulus sorornus (Butler, 1876), Rhinotus purpureus (Pocock, 1894), Cryptops doriae Pocock, 1891, Lamyctes coeculus (Br\ölemann, 1889) and Tygarrup javanicus (Attems, 1907). The millipedes Oxidus gracilis (C. L. Koch, 1847) and Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) and the centipedes Lithobius forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810) are the species most frequently found in greenhouses.

}, keywords = {centipedes, first records, Germany, hothouse, millipedes, review}, issn = {1314-2828}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.2.e1066}, url = {https://bdj.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=1066}, author = {Decker, Peter and Reip, Hans S. and Voigtl{\"a}nder, Karin} } @article {1349, title = {Colombian millipede in Poland {\textendash} Chondrodesmus cf. riparius Carl, 1914 spreads across Europe}, journal = {BioInvasions Records}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {08/10/2021}, pages = {997{\textendash}1003}, abstract = {

Distribution range of a large tropical millipede Chondrodesmus cf. riparius Carl, 1914 has been continuously expanding in Europe over the last two decades. Since the first records in 2000 in North Sweden this Colombian species has become well established in flowerpot habitats of Europe. The way of its spreading is traceable in published records, and points to Sweden as the country to which this species was introduced. Records are scattered, therefore the distribution revealed here might be underestimated. It is expected that this species will expand throughout Europe in consequence of intensive international plant trade. Herein, the first records of this alien millipede in flower pots in Poland are presented and the current range in Europe is summarized. The SEM images of the gonopods, and a partial COI mtDNA sequence (DNA barcode) are included.

}, keywords = {alien species, barcode, Diplopoda, distribution range, gonopods}, issn = {2242-1300}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2021.10.4.24}, url = {https://www.reabic.net/journals/bir/2021/4/BIR_2021_Bienias_etal.pdf}, author = {Jakub Bienias and Aleksandra Jab{\l}o{\'n}ska and Agnieszka Soszy{\'n}ska-Maj} } @article {1347, title = {A preliminary survey and range extension of millipedes species introduced in Brazil (Myriapoda, Diplopoda)}, journal = {Pap{\'e}is Avulsos de Zoologia}, volume = {61}, year = {2021}, month = {27/10/2021}, abstract = {

The present study provides historical and new records of the introduced millipedes species in Brazil, Oxidus gracilis (C.L. Koch, 1847), Orthomorpha coarctata (Saussure, 1860) (Paradoxosomatidae), Prosopodesmus jacobsoni Silvestri, 1910 (Haplodesmidae), Trachyjulus calvus (Pocock, 1893a), Glyphiulus granulatus (Gervais, 1847) (Cambalopsidae), Trigoniulus corallinus (Gervais, 1842), Leptogoniulus sorornus (Butler, 1876), Epitrigoniulus cruentatus (Br\ölemann, 1903) (Pachybolidae), Paraspirobolus lucifugus (Gervais, 1837) (Spirobolellidae), Cylindroiulus britannicus (Verhoeff, 1891), Cylindroiulus truncorum (Silvestri, 1896) (Julidae), and Rhinotus purpureus (Pocock, 1894) (Siphonotidae). Among the 27 federative units in Brazil, 21 states present at least one record of a non-native species. Orthomorpha coarctata was the most widely distributed species, occurring in 15 states. Glyphiulus granulatus (state of Rio Grande do Sul), C.\ truncorum (S\ão Paulo), and R.\ purpureus (Amazonas) were recorded from only one Brazilian state. The Southeast region concentrates most of the compiled records (42,6\%) and richness by grid (5-7 species), mainly in urban areas of the states of Rio de Janeiro and S\ão Paulo.

}, keywords = {invasive species, Orthomorpha coarctata, Oxidus gracilis, Schubart, Synanthropic millipedes}, issn = {0031-1049}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.88}, url = {https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/182084}, author = {Moretti-Iniesta, Luiz Felipe and Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador and da Silva Rodrigues, Patr{\'\i}cia Elesb{\~a}o and Melo de Almeida, Thais and Ott, Ricardo and Brescovit, Antonio Domingos} } @article {1189, title = {Descriptions of the antennal structures of the millipede Trigoniulus macropygus (Silvestri, 1897) (Spirobolida: Trigoniulidae) and centipede Scolopendra subspinipes (Leach, 1815) (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) using scanning electron microscopy}, journal = {BU R\&D Journal}, volume = {23}, year = {2020}, month = {04/12/2020}, pages = {75-80}, abstract = {

The antenna is one of the major channels for sensory reception vital for gathering environmental information. An antenna mainly consists of a scape, pedicel, and repeating segments of flagellomeres which collectively constitute the antennomere. These are covered with tiny hair-like projections called sensilla or sensory bristles which greatly increase the surface area of sensory reception. Structural imaging of the antennal features of Trigoniulus macropygus and Scolopendra subspinipes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the presence of two types of sensilla: sensilla trichodea and sensilla microtrichodea. Electron micrographs also revealed that the antennal structures vary significantly between organisms in terms of segmentation, sensillum density, length, and number of flagellomeres. It was also observed that sensillum density increases from the proximal end to the distal end of the antenna with reference to the head. The study also incorporated possible functions of these sensilla in both organisms.

}, keywords = {Antenna, morphology, Scanning electron microscopy, segmentation, Sensilla, sensory reception}, issn = { 0016-4139}, url = {https://journal.bicol-u.edu.ph/index.php/rnd/article/view/67}, author = {Regalado, Ric Ryan and Buiza, Marielle and Ibay, Moneth and Ramirez, Veyari and Belasa, April} } @article {1174, title = {Compartmentalized organization of ecological niche occupation in insular invertebrate communities}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {11}, year = {2020}, month = {24/11/2020}, pages = {471-480}, abstract = {

Understanding the mechanisms of species distribution within ecosystems is a fundamental question of ecological research. The current worldwide changes and loss of habitats associated with a decline in species richness render this topic a key element for developing mitigation strategies. Ecological niche theory is a widely accepted concept to describe species distribution along environmental gradients where each taxon occupies its own distinct set of environmental parameters, that is, its niche. Niche occupation has been described in empirical studies for different closely related taxa, like ant, ungulate, or skink species, just to name a few. However, how species assemblages of whole ecosystems across multiple taxa are structured and organized has not been investigated thoroughly, although considering all taxa of a community would be essential when analyzing realized niches. Here, we investigated the organization of niche occupation and species distribution for the whole ground-associated invertebrate community of small tropical insular ecosystems. By correlating environmental conditions with species occurrences using partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA), we demonstrated that the ground-associated invertebrate community does not spread evenly across the overall niche space, but instead is compartmentalized in four distinct clusters: crustacean and gastropod taxa occurred in one cluster, attributable to the beach habitat, whereas hexapods and spider taxa occurred in three distinct inland clusters, attributable to distinct inland habitats, that is, grassland, open forest, and dense forest. Within the clusters, co-occurrence pattern analysis suggested only a few negative interactions between the different taxa. By studying ground-associated insular invertebrate communities, we have shown that species distribution and niche occupation can be, similar to food webs, organized in a compartmentalized way. The compartmentalization of the niche space might thereby be a mechanism to increase ecosystem resilience, as disturbances cascade more slowly throughout the ecosystem.

}, keywords = {ecological community, habitat, insular ecosystem, modularity, Niche clustering, niche segregation, species assemblage}, issn = {2045-7758}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7067}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.7067}, author = {Steibl, Sebastian and Laforsch, Christian} } @article {1173, title = {First record of the spirobolid Eucarlia hoffmani Golovatch \& Kors{\'o}s, 1992 (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Pachybolidae) from the Maldives, Indian Ocean}, journal = {Schubartiana}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {22/09/2020}, pages = {7-11}, abstract = {

The remote Maldivian archipelago in the Indian Ocean has a diverse invertebrate fauna both underwater and on land. While some terrestrial classes, e.g. spiders, orthopterans, or decapods, have thoroughly been investigated and described on these coralline islands, others have been completely neglected. Although millipedes (Diplopoda) are important detritivores in almost all terrestrial ecosystems, they have until now never been reported from the Maldivian islands. Here, we report the finding of Eucarlia hoffmani Golovatch \& Kors\ós, 1992 on one atoll of the Maldivian archipelago. This species has so far only been recorded from a single atoll between Madagascar and the Seychelles (Farquhar atoll) and therefore be considered as \“endangered\” by the IUCN red list. Our record of E. hoffmani on the Maldives suggests that the distribution of E. hoffmani is larger than previously known and that this species might, therefore, be less susceptible to possible extinction than considered.

}, keywords = {Archipelago, millipede, tropical island}, issn = {2568-5570}, url = {https://www.schubartiana.de/issues/pdf/vol9/steibl-2020-first_record_of_Eucarlia_hoffmani.pdf}, author = {Steibl, Sebastian and Spelda, J{\"o}rg and Laforsch, Christian} } @article {923, title = {On the collections of Indo-Australian Spirobolida (Diplopoda) kept in the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University, Russia. 1. A new species of Arisemolus Hoffman, 1980 from Papua New Guinea}, journal = {Arthropoda Selecta}, volume = {29}, year = {2020}, month = {30/09/2020}, pages = {309-315}, abstract = {

Abstract: Arisemolus kurtschevae sp.n. is described as the first species of the genus to be reported from mainland (and inland) Papua New Guinea. The new species differs from all three other accepted congeners that range from the Mariana and Caroline islands in Micronesia, through the Bismarck Archipelago and Vanuatu in Melanesia, to western New Guinea, Indonesia, primarily by certain details of gonopodal structure, in particular the considerably longer/higher sternite of the anterior gonopods and the shape of the distal part of the posterior gonopods. New illustrations are provided for both A. tamicus (Attems, 1914) (the type species) and A. ralumensis obscuratus (Attems, 1914), the latter being formally synonymized with A. ralumensis ralumensis, syn.n. Lectotype designation is made for A. tamicus.

РЕЗЮМЕ. Описан новый вид Arisemolus kurtschevae sp.n., первый представитель рода из материковой (и внутренней) части Папуа \– Новой Гвинеи. Новый вид отличается от остальных трех принятых видов и распространенных от Марианских и Каролинских островов в Микронезии, архипелагов Бисмарка и Вануату в Меланезии до западной части Новой Гвинеи (Индонезия), прежде всего, определенными деталями строения гоноподов, в особенности значительно более длинным/высоким стернитом передних гоноподов и формой дистальной части задних гоноподов. Представлены новые иллюстрации как для A. tamicus (Attems, 1914) (типовой вид), так и для A. ralumensis obscuratus (Attems, 1914), притом последний подвид формально сведен в синонимы к A. ralumensis ralumensis, syn.n. Для A. tamicus установлен лектотип.

}, keywords = {millipede, New Guinea, new species, Pachybolidae, Taxonomy, двупарноногие многоножки, Новая Гвинея, новый вид, таксономия}, issn = {0136-006X}, doi = {10.15298/arthsel.29.3.02}, url = {https://kmkjournals.com/journals/AS/AS_Index_Volumes/AS_29/AS_29_3_309_315}, author = {Sergei Ilyich Golovatch and Mauri{\`e}s, Jean-Paul and Akkari, Nesrine} } @article {898, title = {Pachybolini {\textendash} a tribe of giant Afrotropical millipedes: arguments for monophyly and the description of a new genus from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Pachybolidae)}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {22}, year = {2008}, month = {18/03/2008}, pages = {37-53}, abstract = {

Madabolus, gen. nov. is described to accommodate M. maximus, sp. nov. (type species) from several localities in western Madagascar. A phylogenetic analysis of 26 spirobolidan taxa, based on morphological characters, places Madabolus, gen. nov. with the Afrotropical genera Pelmatojulus de Saussure, 1860; Pachybolus Cook, 1897; Hadrobolus Cook, 1897 and Epibolus Cook, 1897. The tribe Pachybolini is proposed to include Madabolus, gen. nov. and the four abovementioned genera. Putative autapomorphies of Pachybolini are: a closed incisura lateralis; setae of gnathochilarial lamella lingualis apical; vulva kidney- or crescent-shaped, with valves meeting in a sinuous fissure and crest protruding. Within Pachybolini, Pelmatojulus (West Africa) stands out by virtue of an increased number of apical antennal sensory cones, with great probability an apomorphy. Madabolus, gen. nov. and east African genera of the tribe share another potential synapomorphy, namely, an increased number of setae on the gnathochilarial lamellae linguales. Other Malagasy genera of Pachybolidae do not seem to be related to Afrotropical genera.

}, keywords = {biogeography, Madabolus, morphology, phylogeny, Taxonomy}, issn = {1445-5226}, doi = {10.1071/IS07008}, url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS07008}, author = {Wesener, Thomas and Enghoff, Henrik and W{\"a}gele, Johann-Wolfgang} } @article {897, title = {Dichromatobolus, a new genus of spirobolidan millipedes from Madagascar (Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)}, journal = {European Journal of Taxonomy}, volume = {720}, year = {2020}, month = {12/10/2020}, pages = {107-120}, abstract = {

A new genus, Dichromatobolus gen. nov., belonging to the genus-rich mainly southern hemisphere family Pachybolidae of the order Spirobolida, is described based on D. elephantulus gen. et sp. nov., illustrated with color pictures, line drawings, and scanning electron micrographs. The species is recorded from the spiny bush of southwestern Madagascar. Dichromatobolus elephantulus gen. et sp. nov. shows an unusual color pattern, sexual dichromatism with males being red with black legs and females being grey. Males seem to be more surface active, as mainly males were collected with pitfall traps. Females mainly come from the pet trade. The body of this species is short and very wide, being only 8 times longer than wide in the males. Live observations show the species is a very slow mover, digging in loose soil almost as fast as walking on the surface. The posterior gonopods of Dichromatobolus gen. nov. are unusually simple and well-rounded, displaying some similarities to the genera Corallobolus Wesener, 2009 and Granitobolus Wesener, 2009, from which the new genus differs in numerous other characters, e.g., size, anterior gonopods and habitus. Despite several attempts with fresh tissue samples and different primers, molecular barcoding did not work for Dichromatobolus gen. nov. Any relationships to the other 15 genera of Pachybolidae indigenous to Madagascar remain unknown.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, Mahafaly Plateau, sexual color dimorphism, soil arthropod, spiny forest}, issn = {2118-9773}, doi = {10.5852/ejt.2020.720.1119}, url = {https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/1119}, author = {Wesener, Thomas} } @article {886, title = {A redescription and a synonym in the South Asian millipede genus Xenobolus Carl, 1919 (Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4780}, year = {2020}, month = {22/05/2020}, pages = {165-179}, abstract = {

The South Asian spiroboloid species Xenobolus carnifex (Fabricius, 1775) is redescribed and illustrated in detail. The genus Xenobolus Carl, 1919 is diagnosed and its relationship and subfamily placement within Pachybolidae Cook, 1897 are discussed. The species Xenobolus acuticonus Attems, 1936 is synonymised with X. carnifex based on morphological and DNA barcoding data. Information on the natural history of X. carnifex is provided and its current distribution is mapped.

}, keywords = {distribution, India, monotypy, natural history, redescription, synonymy}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4780.1.8}, url = {https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4780.1.8}, author = {Sankaran, Pradeep M. and Sebastian, Pothalil A.} } @article {873, title = {Vegetation thresholds for the occurrence of millipedes (Diplopoda) in different tropical forest types in Andasibe, Madagascar}, journal = {Madagascar Conservation \& Development}, volume = {15}, year = {2020}, month = {01/07/2020}, pages = {19{\textendash}26}, abstract = {

Abstract: Forest clearance, especially in the tropics, leads to habitat loss for many organisms including litter-dwelling arthropods. Among other invertebrates, millipedes (Diplopoda) provide important ecosystem services like decomposition and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Despite their importance, little is known about litter inverte-brates\&$\#$39; response to tropical forest degradation and their role in reforestation. The present article should rather be regarded as a review of millipedes\&$\#$39; occurrence in tropical forests with a pilot study from Madagascar, because the sample size is small and results need to be confirmed. This pilot study investigated the relationship between millipedes and vegetation characteristics in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar, in the region of Andasibe, parts of which are undergoing reforestation.

Vegetation characteristics were measured in ten different forests encompassing different types: remnant rainforest, secondary forest, old Eucalyptus plantations, recently enriched with indigenous tree species, and degraded sites. Millipede species were searched by hand, identified and their occurrence in relation to the environmental characteristics was described. Vegetation characteristics differed between forest types. Old Eucalyptus plantations, secondary forest, and primary rainforest were associated with higher litter depth and more native millipede species than degraded sites and forests afforested with native tree species since 2007. Non-native millipedes occurred in all vegetation formations except the primary rainforest site and did not show any relationship with vegetation characteristics. In contrast, native milli-pedes\&$\#$39; occurrence was related to conditions associated with mature forest, such as high litter depth and high foliage cover. Logistic regression revealed a threshold of litter depth above which native millipedes are likely to occur. The results indicate that native milli-pedes are affected by forest degradation and are incompletely restored even when the afforested forest might approach the original state. Special care should be taken during reforestation efforts, as non-native soil arthropods can be introduced, completely replacing the indigenous biota.

Resum\é: Les cons\équences de la d\éforestation globale sont multiples. Pour la plupart des organismes, la d\éforestation est la cause principale de la destruction des habitats. Les arthropodes qui vivent sur le sol forestier ou dans le feuillage sont ainsi menac\és, surtout dans les for\êts tropicales. Ces organismes sont pourtant indispensables au maintien de la r\ésilience de la for\êt. Dans l\’\écosyst\ème forestier, les millepattes et autres arthropodes sont tr\ès importants pour la mise \à disposition de diff\érents services \écosyst\émiques, par exemple pour leur r\ôle dans le cycle des \él\éments nutritifs, la formation des sols et la d\écomposition. Malgr\é leur importance, peu d\’informations sont disponibles sur la r\éaction des invert\ébr\és suite \à la d\égradation des for\êts et leur r\ôle dans la reforestation.

Cette \étude tient surtout lieu de r\évision de l\’occurrence des millepattes dans les for\êts tropicales avec une \étude pilote men\ée \à Madagascar, dans la mesure o\ù l\&$\#$39;\échantillonnage est r\éduit et que les r\ésultats restent partiels. Cette \étude pilote analyse les relations entre les millepattes et les caract\éristiques v\ég\étales dans les for\êts de l\’Est de Madagascar, dans la r\égion d\’Andasibe. Ces for\êts sont tr\ès diverses et dix types de for\êt ont \ét\é consid\ér\és, \à savoir une for\êt r\écemment d\égrad\ée et une for\êt d\égrad\ée, une for\êt d\égrad\ée et rebois\ée avec des esp\èces arbor\ées indig\ènes en 2007, 2012 ou 2015, des plantations d\’Eucalyptus abandonn\ées depuis 1930 ou 1909, deux for\êts secondaires, une for\êt primaire. Dans ces diff\érents types de for\êt, les caract\éristiques de la v\ég\étation ont \ét\é enregistr\ées et des millepattes ont \ét\é r\écolt\és \à la main. Les esp\èces de millepattes ont \ét\é identifi\ées et leur occurrence ont \ét\é analys\ées par rapport aux caract\éristiques de la v\ég\étation. Les vieilles plantations d\’Eucalyptus et les for\êts secondaire et primaire \étaient caract\éris\ées par une couche plus \épaisse de feuilles et davantage d\’esp\èces de millepattes indig\ènes par rapport aux for\êts d\égrad\ée et replant\ée. Les esp\èces allog\ènes \étaient pr\ésentes dans tous les types de for\êt \à l\’exception de la for\êt primaire. La pr\ésence de ces esp\èces n\’\était pas li\ée aux caract\éristiques de la v\ég\étation. En revanche, l\’occurrence des esp\èces indig\ènes \était associ\ée \à des conditions qui sont caract\éristiques des for\êts matures, par exemple une couche de feuilles \épaisse et une couverture foliaire dense. L\’analyse de r\égression logistique a r\év\él\é une valeur seuil pour la hauteur de la couche de feuilles mortes. Au-del\à de ce seuil, il est probable que les millepattes indig\ènes soient pr\ésents. L\’\étude a montr\é que les millepattes indig\ènes sont impact\és par la d\éforestation et qu\’ils ne sont pas facilement restaur\és m\ême si la restauration semble permettre \à la for\êt de se rapprocher de son \état initial.

}, keywords = {introduced species, leaf litter, millipedes, reforestation, vegetation threshold}, issn = {1662-2510}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mcd.v15i1.3}, url = {https://www.journalmcd.com/index.php/mcd/article/view/712}, author = {Spelzhausen, Lea Rebecca and Wesener, Thomas and Sch{\"u}tte, Kai} } @article {836, title = {Release of greenhouse gases from millipedes as related to food, body size, and other factors}, journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry}, volume = {144}, year = {2020}, month = {28/02/2020}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {

The release of greenhouse gases from millipede digestive tracts warrants study because of its potential effect on climate change and also as an indicator of microbial processes that transform organic matter during passage through the gut of these animals. Gas chromatography was used to quantify the release of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from living millipedes in laboratory conditions. The effect of four food types (leaf litter of alder, oak, and maple, and rotten wood) on the release of CH4, CO2, and N2O by 12 species was also assessed. In addition, two julid species were fed pure cellulose to test the ability of these millipedes to obtain energy from cellulose and to determine the effect of this diet on gas production.

All of the tested millipede species produced CO2 and some produced CH4. Stable and substantial CH4 emission was restricted to the large millipedes in the tropical orders Spirobolida and Spirostreptida. This asymmetrical phylogenetic distribution of CH4 production may be related to body size and the presence of gut commensals, but these factors may influence each other and depend upon geographic distribution of species. The quality of the food and feeding regime can also affect CH4 production in that CH4 release was significantly higher when millipedes were fed alder leaf litter rather than oak or maple leaf litter. CO2 production from millipedes mainly reflected the metabolic response of the animals. Traces of N2O were only occasionally emitted by millipedes; this release evidently depends on the N content in the food and seems to be restricted to members of the Glomeridae family. Based on gas production, the tested species of millipedes were unable to obtain their energy needs from a diet of pure cellulose.

}, keywords = {Carbon dioxide, Cellulose, Diplopoda, Food, Methane, Nitrous oxide}, issn = {0038-0717}, doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107765}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038071720300626}, author = {{\v S}ustr, Vladimir and {\v S}imek, Miloslav and Faktorov{\'a}, Lucie and Mackov{\'a}, Jana and Tajovsk{\'y}, Karel} } @article {835, title = {Enzymatic activities in the digestive tract of spirostreptid and spirobolid millipedes (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida and Spirobolida)}, journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, volume = {241}, year = {2019}, month = {18/11/2019}, abstract = {

Millipedes represent a model for the study of organic matter transformation, animal-microbial interactions, and compartmentalisation of digestion. The activity of saccharidases (amylase, laminarinase, cellulase, xylanase, chitinase, maltase, cellobiase, and trehalase) and protease were measured in the midgut and hindgut contents and walls of the millipedes Archispirostreptus gigas and Epibolus pulchripes. Assays done at pH 4 and 7 confirmed activities of all enzymes except xylanase. Hydrolysing of starch and laminarin prevailed. The hindgut of E. pulchripes was shorter, less differentiated. Micro-apocrine secretion was observed only in the midgut of A. gigas. Merocrine secretion was present in midgut and hindgut of E. pulchripes, and in the pyloric valve and anterior hindgut of A. gigas. Alpha-polysaccharidases were mostly active in the midgut content and walls, with higher activity at pH 4. The low activity of amylase (A. gigas) and laminarinase (E. pulchripes) in midgut tissue may indicate their synthesis in salivary glands. Cellulases were found in midgut. Chitinases, found in midgut content and tissue (E. pulchripes) or concentrated in the midgut wall (A. gigas), were more active at an acidic pH. Polysaccharidases were low in hindguts. Protease shows midgut origin and alkaline activity extending to the hindgut in E. pulchripes, whereas in A. gigas it is of salivary gland origin and acid activity restricted to the midgut. Some disaccharidases, with more alkaline activity, showed less apparent midgut-hindgut differences. It may indicate an axial separating of the primary and secondary digestion along the intestinal pH gradient or the presence of enzymes of hindgut parasites.

}, keywords = {Cellulase, Digestive enzymes, Gut compartments, Histology, Myriapoda}, issn = {10964959}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110388}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1096495919303471}, author = {{\v S}ustr, Vladimir and Semanov{\'a}, S. and Rost-Roszkowska, Magdalena M. and Tajovsk{\'y}, Karel and Sosinka, Agnieszka and Kaszuba. Florentyna} } @article {427, title = {Diversity and evolution of the P450 family in arthropods}, journal = {Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, volume = {127}, year = {2020}, month = {22/10/2020}, pages = {1-22}, abstract = {

The P450 family (CYP genes) of arthropods encodes diverse enzymes involved in the metabolism of foreign compounds and in essential endocrine or ecophysiological functions. The P450 sequences (CYPome) from 40 arthropod species were manually curated, including 31 complete CYPomes, and a maximum likelihood phylogeny of nearly 3000 sequences is presented. Arthropod CYPomes are assembled from members of six CYP clans of variable size, the CYP2, CYP3, CYP4 and mitochondrial clans, as well as the CYP20 and CYP16 clans that are not found in Neoptera. CYPome sizes vary from two dozen genes in some parasitic species to over 200 in species as diverse as collembolans or ticks. CYPomes are comprised of few CYP families with many genes and many CYP families with few genes, and this distribution is the result of dynamic birth and death processes. Lineage-specific expansions or blooms are found throughout the phylogeny and often result in genomic clusters that appear to form a reservoir of catalytic diversity maintained as heritable units. Among the many P450s with physiological functions, six CYP families are involved in ecdysteroid metabolism. However, five so-called Halloween genes are not universally represented and do not constitute the unique pathway of ecdysteroid biosynthesis. The diversity of arthropod CYPomes has only partially been uncovered to date and many P450s with physiological functions regulating the synthesis and degradation of endogenous signal molecules (including ecdysteroids) and semiochemicals (including pheromones and defense chemicals) remain to be discovered. Sequence diversity of arthropod P450s is extreme, and P450 sequences lacking the universally conserved Cys ligand to the heme have evolved several times. A better understanding of P450 evolution is needed to discern the relative contributions of stochastic processes and adaptive processes in shaping the size and diversity of CYPomes.

}, keywords = {Detoxification, Ecdysteroid metabolism, Gene clusters, Orthologous groups, P450 Evolution}, issn = {0965-1748}, doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103490}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096517482030179X}, author = {Dermauw, Wannes and Van Leeuwen, Thomas and Feyereisen, Ren{\'e}} } @article {388, title = {Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of {\textquoteright}fire millipedes{\textquoteright} (Diplopoda)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {19}, year = {2009}, month = {04/09/2009}, pages = {1 - 128}, abstract = {

Twelve new genera and 37 new species of Spirobolida are described: Corallobolus cruentus gen. n., sp.\ n., Sanguinobolus maculosus gen. n., sp. n., Colossobolus semicyclus gen. n., sp. n., C. oblongopedus sp. n., C. giganteus sp. n., C. minor sp. n., C. litoralis sp. n., C. aculeatus sp. n., C. pseudoaculeatus sp. n., Zehntnerobolus gen. n., Flagellobolus pauliani gen. n., sp. n., Riotintobolus mandenensis gen.\ n., sp. n., R. minutus sp. n., R. aridus sp. n., R. anomalus sp. n., Pseudocentrobolus aureus gen. n., sp.\ n., P. vohibasiensis sp. n., Granitobolus endemicus gen. n., sp. n., G. andohahelensis sp. n., Caprobolus andringitra gen. n., sp. n., Alluviobolus laticlavius gen. n., sp. n., A. tsimelahy sp. n., A. antanosy sp.\ n., Ostinobolus rufus gen. n., sp.\ n., O. stellaris sp. n., O. montanus sp. n., O. subterraneus sp. n., and Hylekobolus brachiosauroides gen. n., sp. n., H. rufus sp. n., H. griseus sp. n., H. albicollaris sp. n., H. goodmani sp. n., H. montanus sp. n., H. analavelona sp. n., H. latifrons sp. n., H. andasibensis sp. n., H. marojejy sp. n., H. anjanaharibe sp.\ n. All genera and species are endemic to Madagascar. Hylekobolus belongs to the family Spirobolellidae, while all other Malagasy genera of Spirobolida belong to the Pachybolidae. Among them, only Zehntnerobolus gen.\ n. is based on a previously described species: Spirobolus rubripes de Saussure \& Zehntner, 1897, whereas the remaining 11 new genera altogether contain (a total of) 37 new species. Three of the new genera are large-bodied \“fire millipedes\” (\>100 mm long) with striking red/black colour patterns. The new discoveries increase the number of endemic Malagasy genera of Spirobolida more than fivefold (from 3 to 15). The number of endemic species recorded from Madagascar has more than doubled (to 61). Body length of the new species varies greatly (between 23 and 170 mm). Keys to all Malagasy Spirobolida families, genera, as well as the newly described species, are provided. Four species, Rhinocricus collaris de Saussure \& Zehntner, 1897, Spirobolus grandidieri de Saussure \& Zehntner, 1897, Spirobolus olympiaceus Karsch, 1881, and Spirobolus sikorae de Saussure \& Zehntner, 1897 are only known from females and are listed as nomina dubia. Some genera occur in the dry or spiny forest as well as in the rainforest ecosystem; species, however, are restricted to a single habitat type. In the rainforest, up to six different genera were collected in the same individual forest. Numerous genera are adapted to a special ecological niche. A high proportion of species are microendemic, often to some tiny, highly endangered forests. Of special conservation concern are the species which occur only in Analavelona, Ambatotsirongorongo, the subhumid, globally unique littoral forest of Petriky and the littoral rainforests of Mandena and Sainte Luce.

}, keywords = {biogeography, endemism, Madagascar, millipedes, niche separation, Spirobolida}, issn = {1313-2989}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.19.221}, url = {http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=2037}, author = {Wesener, Thomas and Enghoff, Henrik and Sierwald, Petra} } @article {387, title = {Ecotone shifts in southern Madagascar: first barcoding data and six new species of the endemic millipede genus Riotintobolus (Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {953}, year = {2020}, month = {27/07/2020}, pages = {1-29}, abstract = {

Six new species of the Spirobolida millipede genus Riotintobolus Wesener, 2009, are described from the spiny forest in southern Madagascar utilising genetic barcoding, drawings and scanning electron microscopy: Riotintobolus tsimelahy sp. nov., R. mangatsiaka sp. nov., R. lavanono sp. nov., R. bovinus sp. nov., R. antafoky sp. nov. and R. makayi sp. nov. One other Riotintobolus population from the spiny forest might represent an additional species based on genetic data, but it cannot be described as no male specimens were collected. At present, the genus Riotintobolus Wesener, 2009 has eight species from the spiny forest and two species from the littoral rainforest. A determination key to all ten species of the genus is provided. Molecular data reveal that the two critically endangered species from the humid littoral rainforest are not closely related to one another, but have their closest relative in the dry spiny forest ecosystem. Riotintobolus mandenensis Wesener, 2009, only known from the southern littoral rainforest of Mandena is related to R. tsimelahy sp. nov. from the nearby spiny forest at Tsimelahy with a p-distance of 11\%, while R. minutus Wesener, 2009 from the littoral forest of Sainte Luce is more distant to all other Riotintobolus species, but more closely related to R. bovinus sp. nov. from the southwestern forest of the Makay.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, Diplopoda, DNA barcoding, littoral rainforest, soil arthropod, spiny forest}, issn = {1313-2989}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.953.53977}, url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/53977/}, author = {Wesener, Thomas} } @article {353, title = {Hidden biodiversity revealed by collections-based research{\textemdash}Laboulbeniales in millipedes: genus Rickia}, journal = {Phytotaxa}, volume = {243}, year = {2016}, month = {12/01/2016}, pages = {101-127}, abstract = {

Nine new species of the genus Rickia parasitizing Diplopoda are described: R. appendicifera from Iran on Chiraziulus, R. candelabriformis from Australia and New Zealand on several Spirostreptida, R. galatheae from New Zealand on Eumastigonus, R. gigas from Tanzania on \‘Spirostreptus\’ and Archispirostreptus, R. lophophora from Tanzania on some genera of Spirostreptidae, R. obelostrepti from Tanzania on Obelostreptus, R. odontopygiidarum from Tanzania on Odontopygidae, R. platessa from Singapore and Thailand on Pachybolidae, and R. rhynchophora from Australia on Trigoniulus.\  This nearly triples the previously known number of species of Rickia species on millipedes; all 14 species are treated in this study with photomicrographs, additional observations on previously described taxa and comments. A key to these species is also provided. The Laboulbeniales species were found on millipede specimens preserved mostly at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, from samples collected between 1916 to the present.

}, keywords = {Ascomycota, Diplopoda, Julida, parasitic fungi, Spirobolida, Spirostreptida}, issn = {1179-3155}, doi = {10.11646/phytotaxa.243.2.1}, url = {https://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.243.2.1}, author = {Santamar{\'\i}a, Sergi and Enghoff, Henrik and Reboleira, Ana Sofia} }