@article {1988, title = {Myriapoden aus Ostafrika (Tanganyika Territory)}, journal = {Ver{\"o}ffentlichungen aus dem {\"U}bersee-Museum Bremen, Reihe A}, volume = {3}, year = {1958}, month = {30/03/1958}, pages = {1-16}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Kraus, O. (1958): Myriapoden aus Ostafrika (Tanganyika Territory). Ver\öffentlichungen aus dem \Übersee-Museum Bremen, Reihe A, 3 (1): 1-16.

}, author = {Kraus, Otto} } @article {1964, title = {Scolopendromorph and geophilomorph centipedes from Eritrea}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {3}, year = {1969}, month = {01/10/1969}, pages = {461-470}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Lewis, J. G. E. (1969): Scolopendromorph and geophilomorph centipedes from Eritrea. Journal of Natural History, 3 (4): 461-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936900770391

}, issn = {0022-2933, 1464-5262}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936900770391}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222936900770391}, author = {Lewis, J. G. E.} } @article {1963, title = {Statistische Untersuchungen zur Systematik und postembryonalen Entwicklung der Scolopendra canidens-Gruppe (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)}, journal = {Sitzungsberichte der {\"O}sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abt. I}, volume = {189}, year = {1980}, pages = {315-353}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: W\ürmli, M. (1980): Statistische Untersuchungen zur Systematik und postembryonalen Entwicklung der Scolopendra canidens-Gruppe (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). Sitzungsberichte der \Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abt. I, 189 (8-10): 315-353. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/SBAWW_189_0315-0353.pdf

}, url = {https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/SBAWW_189_0315-0353.pdf}, author = {W{\"u}rmli, M.} } @article {1960, title = {[9e Classe. {\textemdash} Insectes. Myriapodes.] Myriapodes du voyage de La Favorite}, journal = {Magasin de Zoologie, ser. 1}, volume = {8}, year = {1838}, pages = {1-4}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Eydoux, F. and P. Gervais (1838): [9e Classe. \— Insectes. Myriapodes.] Myriapodes du voyage de La Favorite. Magasin de Zoologie, ser. 1, 8 (9): 1-4 + pls. 239-240. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37129063

Bibliographic remark: This work is almost an exact duplicate of the pages and plates published in the book \"Voyage de La Favorite\".

}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37129063}, author = {Eydoux, F. and Gervais, P.} } @book {1957, title = {Die Myriapoden. Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben}, volume = {1}, year = {1863}, pages = {134}, publisher = {Verlag H. W. Schmidt}, organization = {Verlag H. W. Schmidt}, address = {Halle}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Koch, C. L. (1863): Die Myriapoden. Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. 1. Verlag H. W. Schmidt, Halle. 134 pp. + pls. 1-60. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41654

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10639}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41654}, author = {Koch, Carl Ludwig} } @article {1952, title = { Aliquid novi ex Africa. IV}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {135}, year = {1941}, month = {15/09/1941}, pages = {196-204}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Verhoeff, K. W. (1941): Aliquid novi ex Africa. IV. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 135 (9/10): 196-204. [15/09/1941]

}, author = {Verhoeff, Karl W.} } @article {1951, title = {The scolopendromorph centipedes from Nepal and Kashmir (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha)}, journal = {Senckenbergiana biologica}, volume = {72}, year = {1992}, month = {20/11/1992}, pages = {435-456}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Lewis, J. G. E. (1992): The scolopendromorph centipedes from Nepal and Kashmir (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Senckenbergiana biologica, 72 (4/6): 435-456. [20/11/1992]

}, author = {Lewis, John G. E.} } @article {1950, title = {The life histories and distribution of the centipedes Rhysida nuda togoensis and Ethmostigmus trigonopodus (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) in Nigeria}, journal = {Journal of Zoology}, volume = {167}, year = {1972}, month = {08/1972}, pages = {399-414}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Lewis, J. G. E. (1972): The life histories and distribution of the centipedes Rhysida nuda togoensis and Ethmostigmus trigonopodus (Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae) in Nigeria. Journal of Zoology, 167 (4): 399-414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb01732.x

}, issn = {0952-8369, 1469-7998}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb01732.x}, url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb01732.x}, author = {Lewis, J. G. E.} } @article {1949, title = {On the identity of the African centipedes Ethmostigmus australianus stechowi Verhoeff and Pseudocryptops walkeri Pocock (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha)}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {2}, year = {1968}, month = {01/04/1968}, pages = {173-176}, issn = {0022-2933, 1464-5262}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936800770781}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222936800770781}, author = {Lewis, J. G. E.} } @article {1948, title = {The scolopendromorph centipedes of the Sudan with remarks on taxonomic characters in the Scolopendridae}, journal = {Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London}, volume = {178}, year = {1967}, month = {06/1967}, pages = {185-207}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Lewis, J. G. E. (1967): The scolopendromorph centipedes of the Sudan with remarks on taxonomic characters in the Scolopendridae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 178 (2): 185-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1967.tb00973.x

}, issn = {0370-0461}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1967.tb00973.x}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/proceedingslinnean/article-abstract/178/2/185/2255436}, author = {Lewis, J. G. E.} } @article {1947, title = {Myriapoda (Chilopoda, Diplopoda)}, journal = {Parc National de l{\textquoteright}Upemba. I. Mission G. F. de Witte en collaboration avec W. Adam, A. Janssens, L. van Meel et R. Verheyen (1946-1949)}, volume = {54}, year = {1958}, pages = {3-68}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Kraus, O. (1958): Myriapoda (Chilopoda, Diplopoda). Parc National de l\’Upemba. I. Mission G. F. de Witte en collaboration avec W. Adam, A. Janssens, L. van Meel et R. Verheyen (1946-1949), 54 (1): 3-68.

}, author = {Kraus, Otto} } @article {1946, title = {The Chilopoda of South West Africa}, journal = {Cimbebasia, Ser. A}, volume = {4}, year = {1975}, month = {10/02/1975}, pages = {35-45}, abstract = {

The chilopod fauna of South West Africa is listed and keys to the genera and species are given. Two new species of Trachycormocephalus are described.

Recommended citation: Lawrence, R. F. (1975): The Chilopoda of South West Africa. Cimbebasia, Ser. A, 4 (2): 35-45.

}, author = {Lawrence, R. F.} } @article {1945, title = {The Myriapoda of the Kruger National Park}, journal = {Zoologica Africana}, volume = {2}, year = {1966}, pages = {225-262}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Lawrence, R. F. (1966): The Myriapoda of the Kruger National Park. Zoologica Africana, 2 (2): 225-262.

}, author = {Lawrence, R. F.} } @article {1944, title = {A collection of Arachnida and Myriopoda from the Transvaal Museum}, journal = {Annals of the Transvaal Museum}, volume = {23}, year = {1959}, month = {02/1959}, pages = {363-386}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Lawrence, R. F. (1959): A collection of Arachnida and Myriopoda from the Transvaal Museum. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 23 (4): 363-386.

}, author = {Lawrence, R. F.} } @inbook {1943, title = {Chilopoda}, booktitle = {South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951}, volume = {2}, number = {4-56}, year = {1955}, publisher = {Almqvist \& Wiksell}, organization = {Almqvist \& Wiksell}, chapter = {2}, address = {Stockholm}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Lawrence, R. F. (1955): Chapter 2. Chilopoda. Pp. 4-56. In: South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, Vol. 2. Almqvist \& Wiksell, Stockholm.

}, author = {Lawrence, R. F.} } @article {1942, title = {Myriopodes}, journal = {Exploration du Parc National Albert. I. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933-1935)}, year = {1937}, pages = {1-22}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Attems, C. (1937): Myriopodes. Exploration du Parc National Albert. I. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933-1935), 2: 1-22.

}, author = {Attems, C.} } @article {1941, title = {Chilopoden und Symphylen des Belgischen Congo}, journal = {Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines}, volume = {29}, year = {1937}, month = {15/06/1937}, pages = {317-332}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Attems, C. (1937): Chilopoden und Symphylen des Belgischen Congo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 29 (3): 317-332.

}, author = {Attems, C.} } @article {1940, title = {Neue Myriopoden des Belgischen Congo}, journal = {Annales du Mus{\'e}e Royal du Congo Belge, Sciences Zoologiques}, volume = {18}, year = {1953}, month = {05/1953}, pages = {1-139}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Attems, C. (1953): Neue Myriopoden des Belgischen Congo. Annales du Mus\ée Royal du Congo Belge, Sciences Zoologiques, 18: 1-139.

}, author = {Attems, C.} } @article {1939, title = {Scolopendromorpha du Congo Belge}, journal = {Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines}, volume = {19}, year = {1930}, month = {30/07/1930}, pages = {287-294}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Attems, C. (1930): Scolopendromorpha du Congo Belge. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 19 (2): 287-294.

}, author = {Attems, C.} } @article {1936, title = {The Chilopoda and Diplopoda collected by the American Museum of Natural History Congo Expedition (1909-1915), with notes on some other African species}, journal = {Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History}, volume = {57}, year = {1927}, pages = {177-249}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Chamberlin, R. V. (1927): The Chilopoda and Diplopoda collected by the American Museum of Natural History Congo Expedition (1909-1915), with notes on some other African species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 57 (4): 177-249. [Scientific Results of the American Museum of Natural History Congo Expedition. General Invertebrate Zo\ölogy, No. 11]

}, issn = {0003-0090}, author = {Chamberlin, Ralph V.} } @inbook {1935, title = {Myriapodes}, booktitle = {Lucas, H. Histoire naturelle des animaux articul{\'e}s, Annelides, Crustac{\'e}s, Arachnides, Myriapodes et Insectes}, volume = {4}, year = {1840}, pages = {511-551}, publisher = {Imprimerie de Terzuolo}, organization = {Imprimerie de Terzuolo}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Lucas, H. (1840): Myriapodes. Pp. 511-551. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33043776. In: Lucas, H. Histoire naturelle des animaux articul\és, Annelides, Crustac\és, Arachnides, Myriapodes et Insectes. IV. Histoire naturelle des Crustac\és, des Arachnides et des Myriapodes. Imprimerie de Terzuolo, Paris, 600 pp. + 46 pls. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103189

}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33043776}, author = {Lucas, Hippolyte} } @article {1934, title = {[Description de trois esp{\`e}ces de Scolopendra, signal{\'e}es par Leach, Zoological Miscellany]}, journal = {Annales de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} entomologique de France, 2e s{\'e}rie, Bulletin entomologique}, volume = {2}, year = {1844}, pages = {xxi-xxii}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Gervais, P. (1844): [Description de trois esp\èces de Scolopendra, signal\ées par Leach, Zoological Miscellany]. Annales de la Soci\ét\é entomologique de France, 2e s\érie, 2 (Bulletin entomologique, 1): xxi-xxii. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8292245

}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8292245}, author = {Gervais, Paul} } @inbook {1933, title = {Myriapodes}, volume = {5}, year = {1838}, pages = {177-180}, publisher = {Imprimerie de Casimir}, organization = {Imprimerie de Casimir}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Eydoux, F. and P. Gervais (1838): Myriapodes. Pp. 177-180, pls. 53-54. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26403342 In: Eydoux, F. and P. Gervais (Eds.). Voyage autour du monde par les mers de l\&$\#$39;Inde et de Chine ex\écut\é sur la corvette de l\&$\#$39;\État La Favorite pendant les ann\ées 1830, 1831 et 1832 sous le commandement de M. Laplace capitaine de fr\égate. Histoire Naturelle. Volume 5. Zoologie, 2e Partie. Imprimerie de Casimir, Paris, pp. 1-192, pls. 6-8, 10-60. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26403162

}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26403342}, author = {Eydoux, F. and Gervais, P.} } @article {1932, title = {Zoological results of a fifth expedition to East Africa. V. Chilopoda (Myriopoda)}, journal = {Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College}, volume = {110}, year = {1953}, month = {07/1953}, pages = {407-423}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Lawrence, R. F. (1953): Zoological results of a fifth expedition to East Africa. V. Chilopoda (Myriopoda). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 110 (5): 407-423. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/8016

}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/8016}, author = {Lawrence, R. F.} } @article {1931, title = {The Scolopendridae of South Africa}, journal = {Annals of the Transvaal Museum}, volume = {7}, year = {1921}, month = {01/06/1921}, pages = {245-261}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Grobbelaar, C. S. (1921): The Scolopendridae of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 7 (4): 245-261. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/172667

}, issn = {0041-1752}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/172667}, author = {Grobbelaar, Coert Smit} } @article {1465, title = {Myriapoda Musei Cantabrigiensis. Part I. Chilopoda}, journal = {Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for promoting useful knowledge}, volume = {23}, year = {1886}, month = {27/03/1886}, pages = {161-233}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Meinert, F. (1886): Myriapoda Musei Cantabrigiensis. Part I. Chilopoda. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for promoting useful knowledge, 23 (122): 161-233. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.26797

Publication date remarks: The work by Meinert appeared in the Proceedings... volume 23, number 122. The number bears \"April 1886\" as the printed date, but the cover page of the copy at the Ernst Mayr Library, Harvard, bears the handwritten date \"Mar. 27, 1886\", which should be interpreted as a \"no later than\" date. The work by Meinert is the first in the number and encompasses signatures 2U-Z and 2A-D. Signatures 2U-V are dated as \"December 17, 1885\", signatures 2W-X as \"December 16, 1885\" (one day earlier), signatures 2Y-Z and 2A-B as \"December 31, 1885\", and signatures 2C-D as \"January 21, 1886\". At the moment, the chosen date in Myriatrix is 27/03/1886, following the cover page\&$\#$39;s handwritten date.

}, issn = {0003-049X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.26797}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/26797}, author = {Meinert, Frederik} } @article {826, title = {A List of the species of Myriapoda, Order Chilopoda, contained in the Cabinets of the British Museum, with synoptic descriptions of forty-seven new Species}, journal = {The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, ser. 1}, volume = {13}, year = {1844}, month = {01/02/1844}, pages = {94-101}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Newport, G. (1844): A List of the species of Myriapoda, Order Chilopoda, contained in the Cabinets of the British Museum, with synoptic descriptions of forty-seven new Species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, ser. 1, 13 (82): 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745484409442576

}, issn = {0374-5481}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03745484409442576}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/3663}, author = {Newport, George} } @book {575, title = {System der Myriapoden mit den Verzeichnissen und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden}, series = {Kritische Revision der Insectenfaune Deutschlands}, volume = {3}, year = {1847}, pages = {iii + 272}, publisher = { Friedrich Pustet}, organization = { Friedrich Pustet}, address = {Regensburg, Germany}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Koch, C. L. (1847): System der Myriapoden mit den Verzeichnissen und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Hefte 1-40. Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, iii + 272 pp. + 10 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49866. In: Panzer, G. W. F. and G. A. W. Herrich-Sch\äffer (Eds.). Kritische Revision der Insectenfaune Deutschlands. Hefte 1-190. III. B\ändchen, enthaltend die Verzeichnisse und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden und ein System der Myriapoden von C. L. Koch.

Bibliographic remark: Herrich-Sch\äffer is the sole editor of the Koch\’s series. See Nagel \& Grieder (2019: 36).

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49866}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/49866}, author = {Koch, Carl Ludwig} } @article {405, title = {Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the centipede genus Ethmostigmus Pocock (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) from peninsular India}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {32}, year = {2018}, month = {04/12/2018}, pages = {1316-1335}, abstract = {

Integrative taxonomy assesses the congruence between different lines of evidence for delimiting species, such as morphological, molecular or ecological data. Herein molecular phylogenetics is used to test monophyly and determine the phylogenetic position of the Old World tropical centipede genus Ethmostigmus Pocock, 1898, and to define species boundaries for Ethmostigmus in peninsular India. A phylogeny of the family Scolopendridae based on DNA sequence data for three markers from 427 specimens sampling in all major lineages (144 individuals generated in this study) recovers Ethmostigmus as a monophyletic group, but relationships among the genera in its subfamily Otostigminae are poorly supported. Two species delimitation methods for DNA sequence data and phylogeny are integrated with morphology and geographic data to propose a well-supported species hypothesis for Ethmostigmus on the peninsular Indian plate. Five species of Ethmostigmus are recognised in peninsular India, of which E. coonooranus Chamberlin, 1920 and three new species, namely, E. agasthyamalaiensis, sp. nov., E. sahyadrensis, sp. nov. and E. praveeni, sp. nov., occur in the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot. The lesser-known Eastern Ghats harbour one species, E. tristis (Meinert, 1886), which has been nearly unreported for 130 years. This study highlights the value of an integrative approach to systematics, especially in underexplored, high biodiversity regions and where morphological variation is limited among closely related species.

}, keywords = {Eastern Ghats, integrative taxonomy, Scolopendridae, species delimitation, Western Ghats}, issn = {1445-5226}, doi = {10.1071/IS18030}, url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IS18030}, author = {Joshi, Jahnavi and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {318, title = {Chilopods in the collections of Field Museum of Natural History}, journal = {Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series}, volume = {28}, year = {1944}, month = {26/04/1944}, pages = {175-216}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Chamberlin, R. V. (1944): Chilopods in the collections of Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 28 (4): 173-216. [Publication 558] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3098

}, issn = {0895-0237}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3098}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/29836}, author = {Chamberlin, Ralph V.} } @article {310, title = {Catalogue des scolopendrides des collections du Mus{\'e}um d{\textquoteleft}Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premi{\`e}re partie. Scolopendrides en dehors du genre Scolopendra.}, journal = {Bulletin du Mus{\'e}um d{\textquoteleft}Histoire Naturelle}, volume = {10}, year = {1904}, pages = {243-253}, abstract = {

Recommended citation: Kraepelin, K. (1904a): Catalogue des scolopendrides des collections du Mus\éum d\‘Histoire naturelle de Paris. (Collection du Mus\éum d\étermin\ée par M. le professeur Karl Kraepelin, et collection H. W. Br\ölemann). Premi\ère\  partie. \– Scolopendrides en dehors du genre Scolopendra. Bulletin du Mus\éum d\‘Histoire Naturelle, 10 (5): 243-253. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5024310

}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5024310}, author = {Kraepelin, Karl} } @article {237, title = {On the function of the ultimate legs of some Scolopendridae (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha). In: Tuf IH, Tajovsk{\'y} K (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Myriapodology, Olomouc, Czech Republic.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {510}, year = {2015}, month = {30/06/2015}, pages = {269 - 278}, abstract = {

The function of the variously shaped ultimate legs of Scolopendridae is briefly reviewed. Their function in Scolopendra heros Girard, 1853, Scolopendra subspinipes Leach, 1815, Scolopendra morsitans (Linnaeus, 1758), Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman, 1889, Scolopendra hainanum Kronm\üller, 2012, Scolopendra spinosissima Kraepelin, 1903 Cormocephalus aurantiipes (Newport, 1844) and Ethmostigmus trigonopodus (Leach, 1817), in which they are least specialised has been investigated. Specimens were tapped with forceps on different parts of the trunk to simulate the attack of a predator. When tapped on the first third of the trunk (near the head), the centipedes attacked the forceps with their forcipules. When tapped on the last third or the ultimate legs, they adopted a warning position, raising the ultimate legs to display the ventral and medial prefemoral spines as well as the spined coxopleural processes. In some cases the centipedes attacked the forceps with the claws of the ultimate legs by chopping down on them after lifting the legs high into the warning position. When tapped in the mid part of the trunk, the centipedes curled sideways to reach the forceps with their forcipules and ultimate legs simultaneously. Scolopendra galapagoensis not only lifted the ultimate legs into the warning position but also the last 3-4 pairs of locomotory legs, presenting their distodorsal prefemoral spines. This resembles the warning posture of some spiders. In addition to their function in warning behaviour, defensive stabbing, ritualised meeting reactions and during courtship behaviour, the ultimate legs may in addition act as hooks and perhaps be involved in species recognition. No evidence was found that the ultimate legs are used to catch prey, nor of prey or predators being held between the prefemora.

}, keywords = {Chilopoda, courtship behaviour, defence reaction, mating, prey capture, Scolopendromorpha, ultimate legs}, issn = {1313-2989}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.510.8674}, url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/5542/}, author = {Kronm{\"u}ller, Christian and Lewis, John G. E.} } @article {55, title = {First molecular data and the phylogenetic position of the millipede-like centipede Edentistoma octosulcatum T{\"o}m{\"o}sv{\'a}ry, 1882 (chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, month = {12/11/2014}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Edentistoma octosulcatum Tomosvary, 1882, is a rare, superficially millipede-like centipede known only from Borneo and the Philippines. It is unique within the order Scolopendromorpha for its slow gait, robust tergites, and highly modified gizzard and mandible morphology. Not much is known about the biology of the species but it has been speculated to be arboreal with a possibly vegetarian diet. Until now its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Otostigminae has been based only on morphological characters, being variably ranked as a monotypic tribe (Arrhabdotini) or classified with the Southeast Asian genus Sterropristes Attems, 1934. The first molecular data for E. octosulcatum sourced from a newly collected specimen from Sarawak were analysed with and without morphology. Parsimony analysis of 122 morphological characters together with two nuclear and two mitochondrial loci resolves Edentistoma as sister group to three Indo-Australian species of Rhysida, this clade in turn grouping with Ethmostigmus, whereas maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of the molecular data on their own ally Edentistoma with species of Otostigmus. A position of Edentistoma within Otostigmini (rather than being its sister group as predicted by the Arrhabdotini hypothesis) is consistently retrieved under different analytical conditions, but support values within the subfamily remain low for most nodes. The species exhibits strong pushing behaviour, suggestive of burrowing habits. Evidence against a suggested vegetarian diet is provided by observation of E. octosulcatum feeding on millipedes in the genus Trachelomegalus.

}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112461}, url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112461}, author = {Vahtera, Varpu and Edgecombe, Gregory D.} } @article {50, title = {Spiracle structure in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) and its contribution to phylogenetics}, journal = {Zoomorphology}, volume = {131}, year = {2012}, month = {28/04/2012}, pages = {225-248}, type = {Original Paper}, abstract = {

The spiracles of scolopendromorph centipedes have long been a source of systematic characters based on their segmental distribution and gross morphology, but microscopic investigations to date have documented only a small number of species. A scanning electron microscopic survey of 34 species that samples the major groups of Scolopendromorpha reveals variability in such features as the structure of the peritremal margin, specific kinds of sensilla and glandular pores on the peritrema, projections on the valves that subdivide the atrium (in Scolopendrinae), and the form of the trichomes around the tracheal openings. Adding new characters from the spiracles to recent morphological datasets for phylogenetic inference reinforces the monophyly of major groups of Scolopendridae and is particularly informative for relationships within Scolopendrini. A bowl-like atrium with the tracheae opening between humps in its floor is more widespread in Scolopendromorpha than previously reported. Shared presence of spiracle muscles in Cryptopidae and Scolopendrinae may reflect convergent evolution of a subatrial cavity in these groups rather than being an apomorphic character for Scolopendromorpha as a whole.

}, keywords = {Cladistics, phylogeny, Scanning electron microscopy, Spiracles}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-012-0157-0}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00435-012-0157-0}, author = {Vahtera, Varpu and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @article {53, title = {Evolution of blindness in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): Insight from an expanded sampling of molecular data}, journal = {Cladistics}, volume = {28}, year = {2011}, month = {24/05/2011}, pages = {4-20}, abstract = {

Relative to its diversity (34 genera, 700 species), Scolopendromorpha has been undersampled in molecular phylogenetic analyses compared with the other chilopod orders. Previous analyses based on morphology have not resolved several key controversies in systematics and evolutionary morphology unambiguously. Here we apply new molecular and morphological data to scolopendromorph phylogenetics, with a focus on the evolution of blindness. The taxonomic sample includes 19 genera, many lacking previous molecular data, and diverse, cosmopolitan genera of Scolopendridae are sampled by multiple species. Phylogenetic analysis with Direct Optimization used 94 morphological characters and ca. 4.5kb of sequence data from two nuclear (18S and 28S rRNA) and two mitochondrial (16S rRNA and COI) loci. A single most-parsimonious cladogram selected after sensitivity analyses resolves Scolopendromorpha as monophyletic, and divides it into a blind clade of three families (Plutoniumidae, Cryptopidae, Scolopocryptopidae) and its ocellate sister group, Scolopendridae. Some species-rich, cosmopolitan genera (Cormocephalus, Otostigmus, Scolopendra) in Scolopendridae are non-monophyletic, and in several instances (e.g. New and Old World Scolopendra) relationships are more congruent with geographical distributions than with traditional classifications. The tribe Asanadini is particularly subject to parameter-sensitivity, nesting in the combined analysis within Scolopendrini but as sister to all other Scolopendrinae for molecular data alone. The total-evidence tree unambiguously optimizes trunk segmentation: a 23-segmented trunk has a single origin in the blind clade.

Publication date remark: The publication date in Myriatrix is Wiley\&$\#$39;s \"first published\" date of 24/05/2011 and not the issue publication date of 02/2012.

}, issn = {1096-0031}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x}, author = {Vahtera, Varpu and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Giribet, Gonzalo} }