@article {1499, title = {Feeding habits and multifunctional classification of soil-associated consumers from protists to vertebrates}, journal = {Biological Reviews}, volume = {97}, year = {2022}, month = {20/01/2022}, pages = {1057-1117}, abstract = {

Soil organisms drive major ecosystem functions by mineralising carbon and releasing nutrients during decomposition processes, which supports plant growth, aboveground biodiversity and, ultimately, human nutrition. Soil ecologists often operate with functional groups to infer the effects of individual taxa on ecosystem functions and services. Simultaneous assessment of the functional roles of multiple taxa is possible using food-web reconstructions, but our knowledge of the feeding habits of many taxa is insufficient and often based on limited evidence. Over the last two decades, molecular, biochemical and isotopic tools have improved our understanding of the feeding habits of various soil organisms, yet this knowledge is still to be synthesised into a common functional framework. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the feeding habits of consumers in soil, including protists, micro-, meso- and macrofauna (invertebrates), and soil-associated vertebrates. We have integrated existing functional group classifications with findings gained with novel methods and compiled an overarching classification across taxa focusing on key universal traits such as food resource preferences, body masses, microhabitat specialisation, protection and hunting mechanisms. Our summary highlights various strands of evidence that many functional groups commonly used in soil ecology and food-web models are feeding on multiple types of food resources. In many cases, omnivory is observed down to the species level of taxonomic resolution, challenging realism of traditional soil food-web models based on distinct resource-based energy channels. Novel methods, such as stable isotope, fatty acid and DNA gut content analyses, have revealed previously hidden facets of trophic relationships of soil consumers, such as food assimilation, multichannel feeding across trophic levels, hidden trophic niche differentiation and the importance of alternative food/prey, as well as energy transfers across ecosystem compartments. Wider adoption of such tools and the development of open interoperable platforms that assemble morphological, ecological and trophic data as traits of soil taxa will enable the refinement and expansion of the multifunctional classification of consumers in soil. The compiled multifunctional classification of soil-associated consumers will serve as a reference for ecologists working with biodiversity changes and biodiversity?ecosystem functioning relationships, making soil food-web research more accessible and reproducible.

}, keywords = {fatty acids, feeding preferences, food resources, functional traits, gut content, omnivory, Soil fauna, soil food web, stable isotopes, trophic guilds}, issn = {1464-7931}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12832}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12832}, author = {Potapov, Anton M. and Beaulieu, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Birkhofer, Klaus and Bluhm, Sarah L. and Degtyarev, Maxim I. and Devetter, Miloslav and Goncharov, Anton A. and Gongalsky, Konstantin B. and Klarner, Bernhard and Korobushkin, Daniil I. and Liebke, Dana F. and Maraun, Mark and Mc Donnell, Rory J. and Pollierer, Melanie M. and Schaefer, Ina and Shrubovych, Julia and Semenyuk, Irina I. and Sendra, Alberto and Tuma, Jiri and T{\r u}mov{\'a}, Michala and Vassilieva, Anna B. and Chen, Ting-Wen and Geisen, Stefan and Schmidt, Olaf and Tiunov, Alexei V. and Scheu, Stefan} } @article {1188, title = {Soil Health and Arthropods: From Complex System to Worthwhile Investigation}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, year = {2020}, month = {16/01/2020}, pages = {1-21}, abstract = {

The dramatic increase in soil degradation in the last few decades has led to the need to identify methods to define not only soil quality but also, in a holistic approach, soil health. In the past twenty years, indices based on living communities have been proposed alongside the already proven physical-chemical methods. Among them, some soil invertebrates have been included in monitoring programs as bioindicators of soil quality. Being an important portion of soil fauna, soil arthropods are involved in many soil processes such as organic matter decomposition and translocation, nutrient cycling, microflora activity regulation and bioturbation. Many studies have reported the use of soil arthropods to define soil quality; among taxa, some have been explored more in depth, typically Acari and Collembola, while generally less abundant groups, such as Palpigradi or Embioptera, have not been investigated much. This paper aims to evaluate and compare the use of different soil microarthropod taxa in soil degradation/quality studies to highlight which groups are the most reported for soil monitoring and which are the most sensitive to soil degradation. We have decided not to include the two most present and abundant taxa, Acari and Collembola, in this paper in consideration of the vast amount of existing literature and focus the discussion on the other microarthropod groups. We reported some studies for each taxon highlighting the use of the group as soil quality indicator. A brief section reporting some indices based on soil microarthropods is proposed at the end of this specific discussion. This paper can be considered as a reference point in the use of soil arthropods to estimate soil quality and health.

}, keywords = {bioindicators, macroarthropods, mesofauna, microarthropods, soil biodiversity, soil degradation, soil quality}, issn = {2075-4450}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11010054}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/1/54}, author = {Menta, Cristina and Remelli, Sara} } @article {1170, title = {Centipede assemblages (Chilopoda) in high-altitude landforms of the Central-Eastern Italian Alps: diversity and abundance}, journal = {Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali}, volume = {31}, year = {2020}, month = {31/08/2020}, pages = {1071-1087}, abstract = {

Centipedes (Chilopoda) are widespread and abundant predators in several kind of habitats, from forests to caves. Very few quantitative data are currently available for alpine habitats, specifically those located at high-altitudes. In this paper, we analysed data on centipedes collected by pitfall traps on different high-altitude landforms of the Central-Eastern Italian Alps, specifically on rock glaciers, debris-covered glaciers, glacier forelands, stable slopes, and scree slopes. We investigated the species richness and abundance (activity density) of individuals in each landform and the relationships between species occurrence and environmental variables in the investigated landforms. The obtained results highlighted non-significant differences in species richness between the landforms, but significant differences in individual abundance and species distribution. Soil organic matter, soil gravel percentage and altitude resulted the main variables affecting the species distribution; a clear preference for landforms located near the treeline was highlighted. Lithobius lucifugus resulted the dominant and most common species as well as the only species able to colonise debris-covered glaciers.

}, keywords = {Chilopods, Debris-covered glaciers, mountains, Organic matter, Rock glaciers, Scree slopes}, issn = {2037-4631}, doi = {10.1007/s12210-020-00952-4}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00952-4}, author = {Gobbi, Mauro and Caccianiga, Marco and Compostella, Chiara and Zapparoli, Marzio} } @article {427, title = {Diversity and evolution of the P450 family in arthropods}, journal = {Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, volume = {127}, year = {2020}, month = {22/10/2020}, pages = {1-22}, abstract = {

The P450 family (CYP genes) of arthropods encodes diverse enzymes involved in the metabolism of foreign compounds and in essential endocrine or ecophysiological functions. The P450 sequences (CYPome) from 40 arthropod species were manually curated, including 31 complete CYPomes, and a maximum likelihood phylogeny of nearly 3000 sequences is presented. Arthropod CYPomes are assembled from members of six CYP clans of variable size, the CYP2, CYP3, CYP4 and mitochondrial clans, as well as the CYP20 and CYP16 clans that are not found in Neoptera. CYPome sizes vary from two dozen genes in some parasitic species to over 200 in species as diverse as collembolans or ticks. CYPomes are comprised of few CYP families with many genes and many CYP families with few genes, and this distribution is the result of dynamic birth and death processes. Lineage-specific expansions or blooms are found throughout the phylogeny and often result in genomic clusters that appear to form a reservoir of catalytic diversity maintained as heritable units. Among the many P450s with physiological functions, six CYP families are involved in ecdysteroid metabolism. However, five so-called Halloween genes are not universally represented and do not constitute the unique pathway of ecdysteroid biosynthesis. The diversity of arthropod CYPomes has only partially been uncovered to date and many P450s with physiological functions regulating the synthesis and degradation of endogenous signal molecules (including ecdysteroids) and semiochemicals (including pheromones and defense chemicals) remain to be discovered. Sequence diversity of arthropod P450s is extreme, and P450 sequences lacking the universally conserved Cys ligand to the heme have evolved several times. A better understanding of P450 evolution is needed to discern the relative contributions of stochastic processes and adaptive processes in shaping the size and diversity of CYPomes.

}, keywords = {Detoxification, Ecdysteroid metabolism, Gene clusters, Orthologous groups, P450 Evolution}, issn = {0965-1748}, doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103490}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096517482030179X}, author = {Dermauw, Wannes and Van Leeuwen, Thomas and Feyereisen, Ren{\'e}} } @article {419, title = {Four myriapod relatives {\textendash} but who are sisters? No end to debates on relationships among the four major myriapod subgroups}, journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {20}, year = {2020}, month = {04/11/2020}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {

Background: Phylogenetic relationships among the myriapod subgroups Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla and Pauropoda are still not robustly resolved. The first phylogenomic study covering all subgroups resolved phylogenetic relationships congruently to morphological evidence but is in conflict with most previously published phylogenetic trees based on diverse molecular data. Outgroup choice and long-branch attraction effects were stated as possible explanations for these incongruencies. In this study, we addressed these issues by extending the myriapod and outgroup taxon sampling using transcriptome data.

Results: We generated new transcriptome data of 42 panarthropod species, including all four myriapod subgroups and additional outgroup taxa. Our taxon sampling was complemented by published transcriptome and genome data resulting in a supermatrix covering 59 species. We compiled two data sets, the first with a full coverage of genes per species (292 single-copy protein-coding genes), the second with a less stringent coverage (988 genes). We inferred phylogenetic relationships among myriapods using different data types, tree inference, and quartet computation approaches. Our results unambiguously support monophyletic Mandibulata and Myriapoda. Our analyses clearly showed that there is strong signal for a single unrooted topology, but a sensitivity of the position of the internal root on the choice of outgroups. However, we observe strong evidence for a clade Pauropoda+Symphyla, as well as for a clade Chilopoda+Diplopoda.

Conclusions: Our best quartet topology is incongruent with current morphological phylogenies which were supported in another phylogenomic study. AU tests and quartet mapping reject the quartet topology congruent to trees inferred with morphological characters. Moreover, quartet mapping shows that confounding signal present in the data set is sufficient to explain the weak signal for the quartet topology derived from morphological characters. Although outgroup choice affects results, our study could narrow possible trees to derivatives of a single quartet topology. For highly disputed relationships, we propose to apply a series of tests (AU and quartet mapping), since results of such tests allow to narrow down possible relationships and to rule out confounding signal.

}, keywords = {Arthropod phylogeny, conflict, Confounding signal, Internal rooting, Phylogenetics, phylogenomics, Quartet topology, RNA-Seq, Transcriptomes}, issn = {1471-2148}, doi = {10.1186/s12862-020-01699-0}, url = {https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-020-01699-0}, author = {Szucsich, Nikolaus U. and Bartel, Daniela and Blanke, Alexander and B{\"o}hm, Alexander and Donath, Alexander and Fukui, Makiko and Grove, Simon and Liu, Shanlin and Macek, Oliver and Machida, Ryuichiro and Misof, Bernhard and Nakagaki, Yasutaka and Podsiadlowski, Lars and Sekiya, Kaoru and Tomizuka, Shigekazu and Von Reumont, Bj{\"o}rn M. and Waterhouse, Robert M. and Walzl, Manfred and Meng, Guanliang and Zhou, Xin and Pass, G{\"u}nther and Meusemann, Karen} } @article {393, title = {Arthropod segments and segmentation {\textendash} lessons from myriapods, and open questions}, journal = {Opuscula Zoologica}, volume = {51}, year = {2020}, month = {07/08/2020}, pages = {7-21}, abstract = {

The current understanding of the segmental organization of myriapods is dramatically different from the traditional views, due both to fresh research on a number of myriapod species and to progress in comparative developmental biology at large. In the late eighties, the emerging paradigm of ecdysozoan affinities of arthropods prompted a revisitation of the concept of the segment as an archetypical body unit. Fresh approaches to myriapod comparative morphology and pioneering studies on the developmental genetics of segmentation in Strigamia maritima, Lithobius atkinsoni and Glomeris marginata contributed to the definitive abandonment of the Articulata hypothesis and suggested a reformulation of the segment concept as the product of a functional integration between a number of distinctly repeated serial units, e.g. neuromeres, tergites, sternites. In the light of this refreshed interpretation of myriapod segmental architecture, we must reject the na\ïve views that (a) segment production is necessarily prior to segment patterning, (b) serial features evolve from polymerous and poorly patterned to oligomerous and strongly patterned series (Williston\’s law), and (c) the divide between embryonic and post-embryonic development is necessarily a major turning point in morphogenetic processes. Open questions remain, e.g. to which extent the production of serial structures along the main body axis of myriapods is multiplicative rather than sequential.

}, keywords = {anamorphosis, developmental genetics, Epimorphosis, saltational evolution, Williston{\textquoteright}s rule.}, issn = {0237-5419}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.18348/opzool.2020.S2.7}, url = {http://opuscula.elte.hu/PDF/Tomus51_S2/Op_\%20Minelli_Arthropod_segmentation.pdf}, author = {Minelli, Alessandro} } @article {274, title = {The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Scolopendra mutilans L. Koch, 1878 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae), with a comparative analysis of other centipede genomes}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {925}, year = {2020}, month = {08/04/2020}, pages = {73-88}, abstract = {

Scolopendra mutilans L. Koch, 1878 is an important Chinese animal with thousands of years of medicinal history. However, the genomic information of this species is limited, which hinders its further application. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of S. mutilans was sequenced and assembled by next-generation sequencing. The genome is 15,011 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 14 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. Most PCGs start with the ATN initiation codon, and all PCGs have the conventional stop codons TAA and TAG. The S. mutilans mitogenome revealed nine simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and an obviously lower GC content compared with other seven centipede mitogenomes previously sequenced. After analysis of homologous regions between the eight centipede mitogenomes, the S. mutilans mitogenome further showed clear genomic rearrangements. The phylogenetic analysis of eight centipedes using 13 conserved PCG genes was finally performed. The phylogenetic reconstructions showed Scutigeromorpha as a separate group, and Scolopendromorpha in a sister-group relationship with Lithobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha. Collectively, the S. mutilans mitogenome provided new genomic resources, which will improve its medicinal research and applications in the future.

}, keywords = {Chilopoda, Chinese medicinal materials, mitogenome, Scolopendra mutilans}, issn = {1313-2989}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.925.47820}, url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/47820/}, author = {Hu, Chaoyi and Wang, Shuaibin and Huang, Bisheng and Liu, Hegang and Xu, Lei and Hu, Zhigang and Liu, Yifei} } @mastersthesis {175, title = {Kter{\'y} zp{\r u}sob managementu polomu vyhovuje stono{\v z}k{\'a}m? - Which windthrow management is suitable for centipedes?}, volume = {bachelor}, year = {2020}, month = {28/01/2020}, pages = {35}, school = {UP v Olomouci - Palacky University of Olomouc}, type = {bakal{\'a}{\v r}sk{\'a} pr{\'a}ce - bachelor{\textquoteright}s thesis}, address = {Olomouc}, abstract = {

V{\v e}trn\é disturbance hraj\í v\ýznamnou roli ve v\ývojov\ém cyklu horsk\ého smrkov\ého lesa. Plo\šn\é odstran{\v e}n\í zapojen\ého korunov\ého patra otev\ír\á prostor pro nov\á spole{\v c}enstva a spole{\v c}n{\v e} s l\ýko{\v z}routem smrkov\ým je podle posledn\ích studi\í kl\í{\v c}ov\ým prvkem obnovy horsk\é smr{\v c}iny. V{\v e}trn\é disturbance v\šak ovliv{\v n}uj\í i hospod\á{\v r}sk\é smrkov\é lesy, kde je v{\v e}t\šinou tendence padl\é d{\v r}evo zpracovat pro ekonomick\ý zisk a jako prevenci v{\r u}{\v c}i po{\v z}\ár{\r u}m a k{\r u}rovcov\é kalamit{\v e}. Takov\ý z\ásah vich{\v r}ice m\á p{\v r}irozen\ý dopad i na p{\r u}dn\í faunu. Tato pr\áce se zab\ýv\á dopadem vich{\v r}ice na spole{\v c}enstva stono{\v z}ek ve Vysok\ých a Z\ápadn\ích Tatr\ách a sna{\v z}\í se zodpov{\v e}d{\v e}t ot\ázku, jak\ý n\ásledn\ý management polomu ve smrkov\ém lese stono{\v z}k\ám v\íce vyhovuje. Pro odb{\v e}ry byly stanoveny referen{\v c}n\í plochy a plochy s odli\šn\ým managementem polomu, kter\é byli prim\árn{\v e} sledov\ány mezi roky 2007 a{\v z} 2009. Pro odb{\v e}r materi\álu byly pou{\v z}ity p{\r u}dn\í vzorky, pro sledov\án\í epigeick\é aktivity stono{\v z}ek byly na lokalit\ách um\íst{\v e}ny padac\í zemn\í pasti. Celkov{\v e} bylo determinov\áno 2535 jedinc{\r u}, zaznamen\áno bylo 14 druh{\r u}. Ze z\ískan\ých dat lze usoudit, {\v z}e bezz\ásahov\ý management m{\v e}l 5 let po vich{\v r}ici pozitivn{\v e}j\š\í vliv na abundance stono{\v z}ek oproti asana{\v c}n\ímu managementu na sledovan\ých ploch\ách.

Vaverka M. (2020): Which windthrow management is suitable for centipedes? [bachelor\’s thesis]. Olomouc: Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacky University of Olomouc. 35 pp. 2 Appendices. In Czech.

English Abstract:
Wind disturbances play an important role in the development cycle of mountain spruce forest.
Complete removal of the tree canopy open space for new communities and together with spruce bark beetle, according to the current studies, are a key element in development cycle of mountain spruce forest. However, windstorms also affect economic spruce forests, where is usually a tendency to remove fallen timber for economic gain and for the prevention of fire and bark beetle calamity. Naturally, windthrow has an important impact on the soil fauna. This work deals with impact of windstorm on centipede communities in High and West Tatra Mts. with an interest to explain, which windthrow management in spruce forest is more suitable for centipedes. Reference areas and areas with different management were established for the sampling primarily in the years 2007 to 2009. Heat extraction of soil samples was used for evaluation of abundances and pitfall traps for evaluation of epigeic activity of centipedes. Totally, 2535 individuals of 14 species were identified. The collected data can be partially concluded that non-intervention management had positive influence on the abundance of centipedes 5 years after the windstorm, compared with timber-removed stands.

}, keywords = {Chilopoda, disturbance, Norway spruce, polom, smrk, Tatras, Tatry, vich{\v r}ice, windstorm, windthrow}, url = {http://myriapoda.upol.cz/tuf/pdf/papers/Vaverka2020.pdf}, author = {Vaverka, Miroslav} } @conference {10, title = {Type specimens of centipedes (Myriapoda, Chilopoda) in the National Museum, Prague (Czech Republic)}, booktitle = {16th International Congress of Myriapodology}, year = {2015}, month = {06/2015}, publisher = {ZooKeys}, organization = {ZooKeys}, address = {Olomouc, Czech Republic}, abstract = {

The centipede collection in the National Museum in Prague contains type material of 16 taxa (14 species and two subspecies), of which 15 were described by Lud{\v e}k J. Dobroruka and one by Karl W. Verhoeff: Allothereua wilsonae Dobroruka, 1979; Chinobius alenae Dobroruka, 1980; Lithobius corrigendus Dobroruka, 1988; L. creticus Dobroruka, 1977; L. erythrocephalus mohelensis Dobroruka, 1959; L. evae Dobroruka, 1958; L. magurensis Dobroruka, 1971; L. purkynei Dobroruka, 1957; L. tatricus Dobroruka, 1958; L. tatricus monounguis Dobroruka, 1958; Monotarsobius homolaci Dobroruka, 1971; M. krali Dobroruka, 1979; Pachymerium dilottiae Dobroruka, 1976; P. hanzaki Dobroruka, 1976; Scolopendra aztecorum Verhoeff, 1934 and Strigamia olympica Dobroruka, 1977. Of these 16 taxa, five were described from the Czech Republic, three from Slovakia and eight from other countries (Greece, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Nepal, Russia and Uzbekistan). The eight taxa described from the Czech and Slovak Republics are now considered as junior synonyms but the eight taxa described from the other countries are still valid.

}, keywords = {Allothereua, Lithobius, Lud{\v e}k Jind{\v r}ich Dobroruka, Pachymerium, Scolopendra, Strigamia, Zoological collection}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.510.8636}, url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/5513/}, author = {Dolej{\v s}, Petr} }